International Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7000 words

International Business - Research Paper Example in Spain – Germany with 26.3%, France 7.8% and Netherlands with 4.1%; the share of other countries in the FDI in Spain seems to be extremely low – Canada with 0.3%, Libya with 0.3% and Mexico with 0.23%2. It is clear that alternative schemes of trade need to be developed by the Spanish government in order for the country’s FDI to be increased; an indicative example is the trade line between North America and Spain which can be highly competitive; exporters would prefer North America instead of Europe and Spain could have a crucial role in transporting the goods3. In the services sector, the FDI in Spain can be characterized as satisfactory; for the period 1986-1990 the FDI on the country’s Financial and business services has been estimated to 35%4. CARIFORUM enterprises tend to cooperate with Spain in the services sector; in the context of the particular sector, the following areas of common initiatives – among Spain and the other countries of the CARIFORUM have been reported: a) in the tourism industry, Spain is supported by Britain – Europe – and by countries of the America – both the North America and the Latin America (see also Figure 1 in Section 3 above), b) in the Spanish real estate industry also investments have been noted by CARIFORUM enterprises; c) a series of service sectors has been available to CARIFORUM countries that wish to invest on Spain: ‘professional services, computer and related services, privately funded R&D services, real estate and communications services, construction and related engineering services’5; at the same time the education, health industry and the financial services industry of Spain are also open to investors from CARIFORUM countries. No major inv olvement in other Spanish services industries has been identified – referring to the inward investments by CARIFORUM enterprises in Spain. Indeed, it seems that CARIFORUM enterprises tend to invest on the Spanish tourism and real estate markets as having the

The Case Of Speluncean Explorers Essay Example for Free

The Case Of Speluncean Explorers Essay FACTS A group of 5 including the 4 defendants and Roger Whetmore had entered into a limestone cavern. A landslide occurred and the boulders blocked the only entrance of the cave. When they discovered the problem, the 5 settled themselves on the obstructed entry until a rescue part could rescue them. Employers had left indicators at the headquarters of the society about where the cavern was. On the failure of their return, a rescue party was dispatched. The rescue task was really difficult. More men and machinery had to be conveyed to the remote area. A group of engineers, workmen, geologists and other experts were appointed. The work of removing the obstructions was frustrated by fresh landslides. Ten workmen were killed while clearing the entrance. All the treasury of the Speculean community was exhausted. Eight hundred thousand frevlars raised by legislative grants were all exhausted before the men were rescued. Success was finally achieved on the 32nd day of the rescue mission. It was known that the workers had carried very little provisions with them and that there were no animal or food matter in the cavern. On the 20th day of the rescue, it was discovered that the workers had carried with them a radio transmitter through which communication could be established. The workers asked the physicians and the experts how long it would take for them to be rescued, the physicians told them that it would take atleast 10 days and there was a little possibility for them to survive. Then they asked the physicians whether they could survive if they consumed one their coworkers. The physicians chairman replied reluctantly in affirmative. Roger Whetmore asked the physicians if they could do that by casting lots. There was no answer from their side. Then he asked if any party or a judge was willing to answer this question, there was no answer. He then asked if a priest could answer the question, unfortunately, even they could not. Thereafter, no more messages were received as the battery of the radio receiver had been exhausted. On the 23rd day of the rescue, Whetmore was killed and was eaten by his companions. Then it was known from the defendants that Whetmore had proposed this idea about whod be eaten by the throw of a dice. When it was Whetmores turn, the dice was thrown by a defendant and it turned out to be against Whetmore. He then was killed and eaten by his companions. VERDICT OF THE JUDGES CHIEF JUSTICE TRUEPENNY: He believed that the four defendants should be sentenced to death as he stated Whoever shall wilfully take the life of another shall be punished by death. He mentions that the above statute is not open to more than one interpretation ie it is unambiguous. He also suggested the idea of executive clemency adding that granting mercy would be in the hands of the executive. JUSTICE FOSTER He disagreed with the verdict of the Chief Justice. He thought that the defendants were innocent. He believed that the statute put forward by CJ Truepenny was not applicable  in this case as the law of nature was applied (defendants were in a state of nature at the time of the killing). He also said that if 10 workmens lives were sacrificed to save 5, why not kill 1 to save 4 lives. JUSTICE TATTING He felt sorry for the defendants but at the same time, also had a feeling of disgust at the act they committed. He strongly disagreed with Justice Fosters state of nature. He also thinks that self defence cant be applied to the case as it would raise difficulties. Ultimately, he is not able to decide the case. JUSTICE KEEN He took on the case from a morality point of view. He was in favour of the defendants not being given a death sentence. He criticized the other judges for failing to differentiate between the moral and legal aspects of the case. He also criticizes the courts self defence excuse. JUSTICE HANDY He uses a common-sense approach instead of using legal principles to solve the case. He had a philosophical point of view and was in favour of publics opinion on the case. MY VERDICT ON THE CASE This case has two sides ie the legal side and the moral side. If this case is seen from the legal side, then a death sentence is justified for the four defendants as the statute itself states that whoever shall wilfully take the life of another shall be punished by death. But I personally think that this case is special and it should be seen from the moral point of view. I dont believe that the defendants should be given a death sentence. I strongly disagree with CJ Truepennys verdict, with all due respect. The four defendants were in extremely unfavourable conditions and they had no choice but to kill one the companions and consume them, so that they could survive. The facts suggest that when Roger Whetmore asked the chairman of the physicians if they consume any one of the four companions, they would survive or not, the chairman also replied in affirmative even though he was reluctant. And the decision to kill Roger Whetmore was also justified as per the throw of dice. I agree with Justice Fosters views as well. First of all, the law of nature should be applied to this case as the defendants were in a state of nature at the time of killing. And as per the facts suggest, 10 workmen were killed to save the life of 5 people, then why not kill 1 person and save the life of 4 others? As far as granting executive clemency is concerned, I think that it should completely be in the hands of the executive, but I would be in favour of granting them with it.

Essay --

In this topic I’m going to analyze quality of life in Dubai.Dubai is one of the most developed city andit is suitable city for life, because everything is high-quality. Also in this essay I will seek to evaluate the positive and negative impacts of quality of life in Dubai, with count: population, social factors, environmental factor, economy factors. Population Actuallynumber of citizen in Dubai is 17% of general population. General population in Dubai is 2.106 million, hence 1.748 million(83%) people are immigrants, such as 52.2% Indian, 13.3% Pakistani, 7.5% Bangladeshi, 2.5% Filipino, 1.5% Sri Lankan, 0.3% American and 5.7% other countries. Everybody knows that UAE is very successful by plenty of oil, free trade and immovable market, but also on using low-paid labor (immigrants) to create city without big expenses.Government understand situation with less number of citizen and with in every way want to increase them and improve life of own citizen. Social Factors: 1)Immigration 1 dollar = 3.67 AED (dirham) As well as known,using immigrants is more cheap than using citizen (i...

How does fitzgerald tell the story in chapter

â€Å"How does Fitzgerald tell the story in chapter 1 of ‘The Great Gatsby? † Fitzgerald opens the first chapter introducing us to Nick Carroway, who is clearly of first person narration and he is telling the story from the future. By telling the story as though it has already occurred, Fitzgerald has created the Illusion that his maln character has already experienced the events that are unfolding. This ensures that Nick is a retrospective narrator throughout the book but also obviously a bias story teller.Fitzgerald makes it known that Nick has already met all the characters and knows hem and their story, he openly has his own personal Judgements and opinions of them, also making It clear he is going to be a bias narrator, giving out inaccurate and one-sided information to the reader. The chapter also tells us about Nick's life in New York when he lived in 1922 and his life in West Egg. Fitzgerald's purpose of chapter one is mainly to introduce the characters of the bo ok and to drop hints and revelations for the events in the rest of the book, such as suggesting themes of class and characterisation of Gatsby.The chapter also presents us the relationship etween Tom and Daisy Buchanan. Furthermore, the housing is deeply described by Fitzgerald, â€Å"A sunken Italian garden, a half-acre of deep, pungent roses, and a snub- nosed motor boat that bumped the tide offshore†. This presents an Image of wealth and the strong themes of money linked with social class due to the immense description of the expansive home Tom and Daisy took for granted. The author's description of the houses shows the difference clearly between Nick's home which hed â€Å"Rented In one of the strangest communities†, Inexpensive In comparison toTom and Daisy's house which was a representation of old money. This is again also shown in chapter one with Gatsbys home which Nick had described as a â€Å"mansion†, Implying that his house Is huge and could possibly link to Gatsby's personality from what we know of him. This shows that Gatsby has new wealth and that he simply bought his mansion to fit his stereotyped personality and ego. Fitzgerald still telling the story from Nicks point of view, makes the audience aware that Nick is new into this lifestyle, and that he is not particularly wealthy within his own devices.However I think It's clear from the start that Nick will have to change his personality also In order to fit in with everyone else and his friends. This is due to the fact that when Nick leaves the Buchannan's' house, he is â€Å"confused and a little disgusted. † This is aimed at the attitude Daisy has towards Tom's evident promiscuity and blatant affair he has going on with a girl from New York as Daisy is aware and doesnt show any sign of caring that her husband Is having an affair as she Is not making any effort to stop it.He's confused as to why Daisy doesn't simply leave Tom and find someone else, but as I said he has yet to adjust to the mind-set of the rich and foolish upper- class. This Is done well by Fitzgerald however, as It gives Nicka sense of lower status In comparison to his friends in that before he becomes Involved them he must first adjust his personality. Not only does this work on a human level, but it also reveals more about Nick's character as he explained how genuine and non-judgemental he completely fake in front of these friends he has made.This can Introduce and theme of people being fake'. The author starts off the story in chapter one, talking to the reader through Nick, â€Å"Whenever you feel like criticizing any one†¦ ]ust remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had. † – This is the first case of Fitzgerald pointing towards the reader and asking them to look at themselves. This is because of the fact that we all Judge our friends, our familV'How does Fitzgerald tell the story in chapter 1 of ‘The Gre at GatsbV? , and other members f community in our mind, but we do not all have the courage to come out and say it. Nick does not talk of his opinions as far as I know from chapter one to his friends, the story tells us all his accurate Judgements of the other characters. However I don't think we can trust his completely as he is bias. I think Fitzgerald has purposely done that to leave a mystery of Nick from what I can tell from chapter one alone, but also Nick can be considered reliable as he speaks his opinions to the readers and doesn't hold back what's on his mind.Nick is portrayed to us as an honest guy in the first hapter, however I think he is of the theme fake' a he is being nice to the people he has met so far despite the Judgements he has formed of them. So he gets along with everyone in public but Judges them in private which is only revealed to us readers. I think that Nick is a very real and genuine character, and that Fitzgerald has created an accurate depiction of the average American man. He isn't born to old money, and isn't born in to new money, he's Just born into a normal family, making his own judgements.Even though Nick can be considered a secret hypocrite. And even though he claims to be appalled and disgusted by the ways of the rich and upper- classes due to the cheating that goes on, on Tom's behalf, it fascinates him, and he wants to know more. I think that this is where Fitzgerald has made us somewhat ‘like' Nick as he is Just a normal person trying to change to fit in with his surroundings and peers. So I think that Fitzgerald is telling us the story in chapter one through Nick as us readers can relate to him being a regular person, so in some ways we live the story and there is a part of Nick in all of us.

Porn Addiction

In this dissertation, researcher has researched about the addictive nature of the colloge goers in Coimbatore district towards pornography. The main reason to conduct a research in Coimbatore city is based on three main factors. They are : Climate, Status and diversity.This Porn addiction topic seems to be an unusual to discuss because of the culture that we have been brought were sexual desires of a pervert is talked loudly and viewing pornography is a sin nowadays. It still remains a real issue for boys,girls,men and women.It is used to be a easy part for the parents to monitor their children in using internet but there are networks which provide faster connections that makes the usage irresistible that leads to a serious problem. Porn is a fantasy just like romantic and Sci-fi. Many experts have stated that it is been a serious issue in real romantic relationships.Viewing pornography has been became an addictive nature to colloege students which may affect their day-to-day life which also may cause inability to have sex in real life,Occupation,self injury, relationship problems,etc..This type of addiction may lead to unhealthy relationship towards graphic/ explicit contents. Porn contains such followed things : Magazines, videos,pictures, movies or graphic comics, etc.Though much occursphishing, hacking, cracking, pornography, sexting, morphing plays a vital role in major victimization. Due to lack of awareness of the law, many have lost their lives. People in place of recovering and providing assistance and Justice lacksknowledge of networking too.People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Most importantly it has taken out many lives of innocent souls.People who all fond of using pornography might end in more progress towards extreme negative consequences which also may lead them to breakup in the real world and isolize themselves to a narrow way and hesitates to mingle with the common man withing their family. As majority of the users are not aware of the problems that they are about to face in the vast society. People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Due to lack of awareness , many have lost their lives. As majority of the users are not aware of the problems that they are about to face in the vast society. People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Due to lack of awareness , many have lost their lives.Pornography through internet may have harmful effects on adolescents. However, usage of the porngraphy doesnot stop here. College goers are consumers of internet pornography as well.Violent Pornography : It contains images that explicit the violence of various degrees perpetuated against an individual by another or group.Non-violent pornography : It contains images of no explicit content but may imply submissive or violent nature by the position of the models or the use of props. They also imply unequal relatioships by differential dress, positioning or costuming.Erotica : It contains sexual images that have their focus of mutually pleasurable sexual expression between people interacting. They have no sexist or viloent connections and are hinged on equal power between individuals. Non-concensual pornography : According to law professor at University of Miami, Mary Anne Franks, she states that revenge porn can be termed as Non-Concensual pornography which is more appropriate.Statement of the problem :The reasons for the researcher to pick on this topic is because of a major case happened in Tamilnadu. Those are : Vinupriya, a 21 year old girl who had committed suicide due to her morphed picture was released in internet by her neighbor. Where, she was being victimized again and again by the media, family members did not believe in her that she did not pose like that in the morphed picture. The case was filed under sections 65c,67&67A from IT Act 2000 on 23rd June 2016. She committed suicide on 26th June 2016, Facebook has replied on 28th June 2016 with the IP Address of the culprit. The IP which has been digged and provided by Facebook passed through 50 IP Addresses and 300 mobile numbers.Review of LiteratureThe internet enabled technology has changed the way of adolescents that they encounter and consume sexually explicit material. Once it was a telephone line attached to a personal computer but now, internet is availbale on laptop, video games, mobiles,etc., which has lead to the easy access towards pornography( Eric W. Owens, Richard J. Behun, Jill C. Manning & Rory C. Reid (2012) ). The devices which are being enabled with internet have indiscriminately allowed people of all ages to consume,create and distribute sexually explicit content and it has become more common for adolescents worldwide (Flood,2007, Lo&Wei,2005).Internet has become a highly sexualized environment and research has shown significant increase of adolescents who intentionally or accidentally encounters porngraphic materials online ( Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a, Mitchell, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2007). The volume and range of sexually explicit content in the internet are remarkably high in rate.The risk of cyber bullying, sexual victimization or harassment from others is real and pervasive (Coopersmith, 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011).If a minor access to a porn site then he or she can simply click on the button with the label â€Å"Click here if you are 18 years of age or older†(FreemanLongo 2000).Krauss and Russell(2008), states that if an individual is exposed to pornography in the earlier age then the person seems to have the chance of earlier onset of sexual contact.Research MethodologyThis chapter contains the methods and sample selection done by the researcher to complete this study.Objective:To find the addictive level among college goers.Hypothesis:The respondents will have high addictive nature.Universe: The Universe of the study is decided to be College Goers in Coimbatore City, Tamilnadu. Sample:The sample of the study comprises all (willing) college students in Coimbatore City.Sampling Technique: The technique followed by the researcher for this study is Convenient Sampling in Non-Probability Sampling Technique.Sample Size: Totally 60 (Both Male & Female) samples were collected from the college students. Data Collection:The data for the study was collected using a tool developed by the researcher which includes addictive measure of the respondents.Study Tool: Researcher with the help of the guide has developed the Socio-economic demographic variable which remains the Part-I of the questionnaire. Part-II of the questionnaire shall consist of Addictive measurements.Part-I Socio-demographic data sheet:It used to collect personal data of the college students: Age, Sex, Marital Status, Year of study, recharge interval, Access of internet.Part-II Addictive Measurement:The questionnaire consists of 18 questions to be answered with the scale of 7 as never to all the time. Where addictive nature is measured with the total of 70 counts. Pilot Study: Pilot Study was carried out on a sample of 18 females college students in Coimbatore city, Tamilnadu. According to the result of pilot study, no modifications were done.Field Work: The researcher started to collect data from 25th March 2016 to 27th March 2016. The data was collected according to the research work circumstances. The researcher introduced to the respondents, the purpose and nature of the study were explained and complete confidentiality of the data was assured. The respondents were asked if they were interested and agreed to participate in the study. After that questionnaire was distributed and asked to complete the questions. Researcher also created a tool in Google form and sent through mail Ids and private messages to the respondents.Ethical Consideration: There is no risk in taking the samples during the application of the research. Each respondent were informed clearly about the need and purpose of the study. Researcher also emphasized that participation would be voluntary. The confidentiality of the data was maintained, explained and also printed in the questionnaire.Statistical Analysis: The obtained data was reviewed, prepared for computer processing, coded, analysed and tabulated. Data Entry was done by a computer software package, while statistical analysis was done by using statistical software package SPSS version 21. Data was presented in the form of mean, median, mode, one sample T-test and standard deviations.Significance (One Sample T-Test):The term â€Å"Significant† means important, while in statistics â€Å"Significant† means probably true. The P value is a probability, with a value ranging from zero to one.P>0.10 No evidence against the null hypothesis. The data appear to be consistent with the null hypothesis.0.05

Free Essays on Romantic Dialectics

Schlegel summarizes the terms of his new aesthetic in a now famous passage: Romantic poetry is a progressive, universal poetry. Its aim isn’t merely to reunite all the separate species of poetry and put poetry in touch with philosophy and rhetoric. It tries to and should mix and fuse poetry and prose, inspiration and criticism, the poetry of art and the poetry of nature; and make poetry lively and sociable, and life and society poetical...It alone can become, like the epic, a mirror of the whole circumambient world, an image of the age. And it can also more than any other form hover at the midpoint between the portrayed and the portrayer, free of all real and ideal self-interest, on the wings of poetic reflection, and can raise that reflection again and again to a higher power, can multiply it in an endless succession of mirrors. It is capable of the highest and most variegated refinement, not only from within outwards, but also from without inwards; capable in that it organizes for everything that seeks a wholeness in its effects the parts al ong similar lines, so that it opens up a perspective upon an infinitely increasing classicism... Other kinds of poetry are finished and are now capable of being fully analyzed. The romantic kind of poetry is still in the state of becoming; that, in fact, is its real essence: that it should forever be becoming and never be perfected. It can be exhausted by no theory and only a divinatory criticism would dare try to characterize its idea... This passage is striking for its emphasis on various forms of synthesis. This is a key theme in his characterization of modern literature; the modern age is, after all, a chemical age, and Schlegel links this with synthesis as much as with analysis. Schlegel lists a number of synthetic possibilities (or projects): mixing poetry with prose, poetry with society, art with nature. Other fragments suggest the blending of philosophy and grammar... Free Essays on Romantic Dialectics Free Essays on Romantic Dialectics Schlegel summarizes the terms of his new aesthetic in a now famous passage: Romantic poetry is a progressive, universal poetry. Its aim isn’t merely to reunite all the separate species of poetry and put poetry in touch with philosophy and rhetoric. It tries to and should mix and fuse poetry and prose, inspiration and criticism, the poetry of art and the poetry of nature; and make poetry lively and sociable, and life and society poetical...It alone can become, like the epic, a mirror of the whole circumambient world, an image of the age. And it can also more than any other form hover at the midpoint between the portrayed and the portrayer, free of all real and ideal self-interest, on the wings of poetic reflection, and can raise that reflection again and again to a higher power, can multiply it in an endless succession of mirrors. It is capable of the highest and most variegated refinement, not only from within outwards, but also from without inwards; capable in that it organizes for everything that seeks a wholeness in its effects the parts al ong similar lines, so that it opens up a perspective upon an infinitely increasing classicism... Other kinds of poetry are finished and are now capable of being fully analyzed. The romantic kind of poetry is still in the state of becoming; that, in fact, is its real essence: that it should forever be becoming and never be perfected. It can be exhausted by no theory and only a divinatory criticism would dare try to characterize its idea... This passage is striking for its emphasis on various forms of synthesis. This is a key theme in his characterization of modern literature; the modern age is, after all, a chemical age, and Schlegel links this with synthesis as much as with analysis. Schlegel lists a number of synthetic possibilities (or projects): mixing poetry with prose, poetry with society, art with nature. Other fragments suggest the blending of philosophy and grammar...

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History

Maldonado Surname Meaning and Origin - Family History Maldonado is a nickname used to indicate an individual who was ugly or ignorant, from the Spanish mal donado meaning ill favored, from mal, meaning badly, plus donado, meaning given, endowed. Maldonado was also sometimes a habitational surname, indicating someone who came from Maldonado, a village in the province of Albacete, Spain. Maldonado is the 51st most common Hispanic surname. Surname Origin:  Spanish, Portuguese Alternate Surname Spellings: de Maldonado, Maldanado, de Maldanado, Maledanado, de Maledanado, Maldolado, Moldonado, Baldonado, Montano, Valdonado, Valdonao, Maldonao Where Do People With the MALDONADO Surname Live? According to WorldNames  PublicProfiler  the majority of individuals with the Maldonado surname live in Argentina, followed by concentrations in Spain, the United States, France, and Switzerland. Forebears includes surname distribution data from many additional countries, and it identifies Maldonado as most prevalent in Mexico and most common in Puerto Rico, where it ranks 23rd in the nation. The Maldanado variant is most common in the United States. Famous People Pastor Rafael Maldonado - Venezuelan Formula One driverAbel Maldonado – American politician, 48th Lieutenant Governor of CaliforniaCandido Candy Maldonado – former American Major League Baseball outfielderJosà © Maldonado - Puerto Rican revolutionaryDiego Maldonado -  captain under Spanish  explorer  Hernando de Soto Genealogy Resources The following articles contain additional useful information: 100 Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsGarcia, Martinez, Rodriguez, Lopez, Hernandez... Are you one of the millions of people sporting one of these top 100 common Hispanic last names? How to Research Hispanic HeritageLearn how to get started researching  your Hispanic ancestors, including the basics of family tree research and country specific organizations, genealogical records, and resources for Spain, Latin America, Mexico, Brazil, the Caribbean and other Spanish speaking countries. Maldonado Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Maldonado family crest or coat of arms for the Maldonado surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Family Tree DNA: Maldonado Family DNA ProjectThis ancestral DNA testing project aims to determine which Maldonado lines are connected and the ethnic origin of these lines. Maldonado Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Maldonado surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Maldonado query. FamilySearch - Maldonado GenealogyAccess over 1.2 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Maldonado surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. GeneaNet - Maldonado RecordsGeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Maldonado surname, with a concentration on records and families from France, Spain, and other European countries. Maldonado Surname Family Mailing ListsThis free mailing list for researchers of the Maldonado surname and its variations includes subscription details and a searchable archives of past messages. DistantCousin.com - Maldonado Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Maldonado. The Maldonado Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Maldonado from the website of Genealogy Today. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998. Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997. Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

18 Best Love Flowers A Practical Guide to Romantic Flowers

18 Best Love Flowers A Practical Guide to Romantic Flowers SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Buying flowers for a significant other can be a nerve-wracking experience. You want to choose a bouquet that’s in your budget, pretty, and will send the right message. Luckily, we’re here to help you craft the perfect bouquet of love flowers. In this article, we’ll first discuss what factors are important to consider when crafting romantic bouquets and Valentine’s flowers. Then, we’ll provide suggestions for the most appropriate flowers for the early phases of a new relationship, an established relationship, weddings, and anniversaries. We’ll wrap up with some flowers to avoid for romantic purposes. 4 Key Considerations When Creating a Romantic Bouquet There are several factors to consider as you try to choose the best flowers for love and romance purposes. Some are more practical, like cost and availability. But you should also consider the flower’s symbolic message and the personality of the recipient. Cost There are a couple of facets to cost: how much you can actually afford, and what cost level is appropriate for the occasion and relationship. Only you can really determine how much you can afford. But there are romantic flowers at pretty much all price points, and we’ve provided a helpful price index for all the flowers listed in this article: $ = 3 dollars per stem $$ = 8 dollars per stem $$$ = 8+ dollars per stem In terms of what is appropriate, in the early stages of a relationship, spending hundreds of dollars on an elaborate arrangement may come across as too much. You want to charm the recipient, not alarm them! However, it’s quite appropriate to be more extravagant in the context of a longer, more established relationship to mark significant milestones or occasions, if your finances allow it. For events like weddings, you might spend quite a lot on flowers. The Knot advises that you can expect to spend around 8% of your total wedding budget on all the flowers. For the budget-conscious, the Huffington Post has some sage tips on keeping wedding flower costs down. Buckets of wedding flowers could cost buckets of money! Seasonality/Availability/Climate Consider what love flowers are in season at any given point in time. Flowers that are in season locally will almost invariably be cheaper than something that has to be flown in from a thousand miles away. And some rarer flowers may simply not be available at particular points in the year. Seasonality is listed in this guide, but if you want further guidance as to what’s available at a given point in the year, consult with a florist. Additionally, flowers that do well in your particular climate will last longer and look better over time. This is especially true for any situation where the flowers will be outside and/or out of water for a long time. (Read: weddings). Symbolic Message After you’ve considered the practical parameters of your flower-buying endeavor, consider what the flowers you’re sending mean. Some meanings are obvious and well-known: red roses signify passionate love. Others, like the sweet pea, have less obvious meanings. (The sweet pea signifies lasting pleasure and bliss, FYI). However, the most meaningful bouquet will carry some symbolic significance beyond just â€Å"these flowers are pretty and I like/love you.† (That is a fine message to be sending! Just not the most thoughtful). There are also a few flowers you may want to avoid gifting due to their symbolic significance as specifically un-romantic flowers. See the last section of this article for a note on those. Ranunculus and white roses: means "you are charming," new beginnings, and soul deep love. Personality of the Recipient Unless someone actively dislikes flowers (which is possible and something you should try to find out before you give them to someone), most people will be happy to receive flowers of love from anyone they care about. However, for the most meaningful bouquet, consider the personality of the recipient. Are they a traditional romantic who would be happiest to get a bouquet of roses or lilies? Do they have subtle and subdued tastes better suited for lilac, aster, gladiolus, or sweet pea? Or maybe they are bold and unconventional and would appreciate bird-of-paradise or a potted orchid. Try your best to choose flowers that match the tastes of the recipient. Courtship and Early Romance Flowers When you’re trying to first express romantic feelings for someone or are in the earliest stages of a relationship, overly showy or intense flowers can come across as too much, too soon. However, subtler flowers with a more discreet message is a sweet and appropriate way to express romantic admiration. The following romantic flowers are excellent choices for the early stages of a new relationship. Aster Also called: Starwort, Michaelmas Daisy Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round; fall peak About This Love Flower The name â€Å"Aster† comes from the Greek and Latin words for â€Å"star.† Ancient Greek legend says the goddess Astraea looked down on earth from the sky and wept when she saw that there were no stars on earth. Her tears became the Aster flower. This flower represents daintiness, elegance, and small beginnings. It’s also a love talisman. These qualities make it an appropriate choice for the early stages of romance. The blooms are small and dainty and the flower comes in delicate, soothing colors of pink, white, purple, and blue. The aster expresses romantic admiration in a subtle and not overbearing way. Gerbera Daisy Also Called: Gerber Daisy, African Daisy, Transvaal Daisy Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The Gerbera daisy is a bright and cheerful flower that blooms in a huge variety of bright colors. They symbolize cheerfulness, joy, and innocence. Because they are fairly hardy and last well over a week when cut, they are a common bouquet flower at all times of the year. They are readily available for purchase and fairly affordable. Gerbera daisies will bring cheer in the early stage of a relationship as an early flower for love. Hyacinth Also Called: Hyacinthus Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower The hyacinth flower gets its name from a Greek myth. Hyacinth was the young lover of Apollo, but Zephyr also admired Hyacinth. In his jealousy, he caused Apollo’s discus to strike Hyacinth, killing him. In his grief, Apollo transformed Hyacinth’s spilled blood into the hyacinth flower. As such, the hyacinth was dedicated to Apollo. Perhaps due to this myth, the hyacinth symbolizes young love. In 19th-century France, the flower communicated a kind of desperate, all-consuming love. The English connotation was more flirtatious and playful. In Victorian flower language, the different colors of purple, blue and white communicated different messages. Now, the message of young love remains, making hyacinth an ideal flower for a new courtship. Lilac Also Called: Syringa Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Spring, summer About This Love Flower With its heady scent and clusters of tiny blooms, lilacs are a welcome sign of the coming summer. To the Victorians, this flower represented the first emotions of love. This symbolism still holds today, as the lilac represents the earliest blush of love and the beginning of summer. The lilac also represents the bittersweet sadness of new lovers when they are forced to part for even a moment. Lilac is not as commonly available for purchase as some of the other flowers described here. You probably won’t find it in the grocery store. However, it’s in many cutting gardens and you may be able to buy it through a dedicated florist. If you are lucky enough to have access to lilacs for cutting, a bouquet of fresh-cut lilac is a stunning gift for a new paramour. Ranunculus Also Called: Buttercup (some species in the genus) Cost Range (per stem): $-$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round (winter-spring peak) About This Love Flower Small but lush ranunculus comes in many colors and makes a sweet bouquet. It sends the message that the recipient is charming and attractive- the perfect message for an early-romance gift! The message is the same regardless of the color, so pick whatever color your paramour will like best. These flowers can last up to a week in a vase. Valentine's Flowers and Romantic Flowers For a more established relationship, you may want to go with more opulent love flowers. Valentine’s day is a key occasion where your partner may want (or even expect!) beautiful flowers. We offer several floral options for a range of personalities and tastes that are appropriate for romantic occasions. Bird of Paradise Also Called: Strelitzia, crane flower Cost Range (Per Stem): $$ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring (tropical climates) About This Love Flower The exotic and striking Bird of Paradise is named for the tropical bird that it resembles. This showy flower signifies the wonderfully unexpected, magnificence, paradise, royalty, and joyfulness. For a lover who is bold and unconventional, an arrangement with bird of paradise captures an exuberant, opulent spirit. This makes it a perfect romantic flower for the right personality. This flower of lovesis native to South Africa. As the Bird of Paradise thrives in heat and humidity, they can be somewhat expensive outside of those climes. However, this flower is worth springing for to commemorate a truly special occasion! Carnations (Red) Also Called: Dianthus Caryophyllus, Clove Pink Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The hardy carnation is thought to be native to the Mediterranean region. The carnation has historically been associated with love and marriage. Renaissance portraits often depicted betrothed couples holding a carnation. Red carnations in particular send a message of intense love and admiration. Red carnations are an affordable Valentine bouquet option when other Valentine’s day flowers are out of reach of your budget. They are a good option for affordable love flowers and romantic bouquets in general. They can last up to three weeks when cut and communicate passionate love without breaking the bank. Gladiolus Also Called: Gladiola, Sword Lily Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round, summer peak About This Love Flower With its blade-like sheaf of blooms, the gladiolus indicated to the Victorians that the receiver had pierced the sender’s heart. Now the flower symbolizes grace, fidelity, honor, and a strong character. Gladiolus is an excellent flower to express deep admiration for a significant other. It is especially appropriate for a more subtle personality- the type of person who might be overwhelmed by an enormous bouquet of oriental lilies or two dozen red roses. Lily Also Called: Lilium Cost Range (Per Stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The lily is known for its notably sizable blooms. The genus has incredible variation in color and pattern. The lily has been a sacred flower since ancient times. In the ancient near east it was associated with Ishtar, the goddess of love and fertility. Similarly, in Rome, the lily was a symbol of Venus; in Greece, a symbol of Hera. As Christianity overtook older traditions, the lily came to be associated with the Virgin Mary. In the Victorian era, it was the highest flattery to compare a woman to the Virgin Mary. As such, comparing a woman to a lily, Mary’s emblem, was to pay her high honor indeed. The white lily in particular symbolized purity, chastity, innocence, and modesty. The connotations of purity still persist somewhat, particularly with the white lily. However, lilies have also come to signify perfection, majesty, and excellence. Thus, it is a high compliment to gift someone lilies. Many consider lilies to be an incredibly romantic flower. As a showy and even bombastic floral option, lilies are one of the most striking and magnificent flowers of love. For a Valentine’s bouquet or other romantic occasion, lilies are an excellent choice. However, note that lilies are very poisonous to cats. So only give in a cat-free household! Or if your significant other has a cat, consider sending the flowers to their workplace if you know they won’t mind. Orchid Also Called: Orchidaceae Cost Range (Per Stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The tropical orchid family includes some of the most prized and exquisite of flowers. There are over 28,000 orchid species, displaying an astonishing variety of color, shape, size, and scent. The orchid symbolizes the exotic, the ecstatic, and the luxurious. It also signifies mature elegance, beauty, and refinement. However, orchids are not particularly common as a cut flower. This is because the actual flower stems are short, making the flowers incredibly hard to maintain in a bouquet. It’s more common to give an orchid as a potted houseplant. If your significant other has an interest in horticulture and would actually enjoy taking care of a plant, the orchid can be a romantic choice. The orchid is a meaningful romantic flower for love that sends the message that the receiver is highly prized and valued. But again- make sure your partner won’t be irritated that they need to take care of a plant! Roses (Red, Purple, or Orange) Also Called: Rosa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower Roses are associated with love and romance and have been for centuries. In ancient Greece, the red rose was associated with Aphrodite, goddess of love. It was also an emblem of her Roman counterpart, Venus. To the Victorians, the rose signified love, and the deeper the love, the deeper the color. Red roses meant passionate love. Today, the rose is still primarily associated with love and beauty. Red roses in particular carry the signal of passion, desire, and romantic love. Today, red Valentine roses have become so ubiquitous as to be almost cliche. However, while red roses are undeniably love flowers, Valentine’s day may not actually be the best occasion to gift them. The flowers will be dramatically more expensive (think up to 400% increase in cost). The blooms themselves may also be of lower quality. So for Valentine’s flowers, consider expressing your flower-love some other way. Say, with one of the other blooms in this section! If you must do Valentine’s day roses, consider opting for another color. Purple and orange roses also have romantic messages, and can make truly striking arrangements. Purple roses send a message of enchantment. Lavender roses connote love at first sight. A deeper purple speaks of majesty, fascination, and adoration. That’s a romantic message for sure! Purple roses are especially appropriate for a significant other with a mystical turn of mind. Orange roses mean fascination, desire, passion, and energy. It’s a supercharged, zingy romantic flower. Coral roses convey an intense desire. Sweet Pea Also Called: Lathyrus odoratus Cost Range (Per Stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower The sweet pea is native to the Mediterranean. This climbing flower emits a sweet honeyed scent when it blooms. With its profusion of blooms, it’s a well-loved choice for cutting gardens. It’s a little more difficult to find for purchase, but a specialty florist should be able to point you in the right direction. These blooms come in many colors, most commonly whites, pinks, blues and purples. The sweet pea was a hugely popular flower during the Victorian era, when it symbolized lasting pleasure and easy luxury. The sweet pea still symbolizes pleasure and bliss. If you’re looking for unique and sweet flowers for Valentine’s day or another romantic occasion, sweet peas fit the bill. Tulips (Red or Purple) Also Called: Tulipa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$ Seasonal Availability: Winter, spring About This Love Flower Originally native to the mountains and steppes of central Asia, the perennial tulip has become one of the most popular flowers worldwide for both gardens and bouquets. The tulip is a romantic flower, whose strongest symbolic associations are with love and creativity. However, red and purple are the most romantic tulip colors by far. Red tulips signal a declaration of love. This symbolism comes from Persia. There, it’s said that the red of the petals represent the fire of the suitor’s love. The black center is the suitor’s heart, burned to coal by the strength and heat of their love. Purple tulips signify royalty. For an extra-special bouquet, consider mixing red and purple tulips. If you’re looking for an alternative to Valentine roses, tulips are a great choice. Tulips make great love flowers because of their vibrant blooms and meaningful symbolism. They also last a decent amount of time- about ten days- when cut. The Best Wedding Flowers Pretty much all of the flowers already mentioned would be appropriate for wedding bouquets, boutonnieres, centerpieces, etc. However, several additional flowers are particularly well-suited to weddings. Calla Lily Also Called: Zantedeschia aethiopica, arum lily, trumpet lily Cost Range (per stem): $$-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round (summer peak) About This Love Flower The calla lily is named for the Greek word for â€Å"beautiful.† Interestingly, the calla lily does not actually have a bloom. The part we think of as the flower is actually a leaf. They come in many colors, including bright orange and striking purple. However, they are most commonly used for weddings in their white incarnation. Calla lilies symbolize majestic beauty. White calla lilies represent purity, modesty, marital bliss and devotion. Purple calla lilies would also be appropriate, as they symbolize royalty and passion. Calla lilies come in both large and small varieties, making them ideal for both bouquets and boutonnieres. Lily of the Valley Also Called: Convallaria majalis, May bells Cost Range (Per Stem): $$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round, spring peak About This Love Flower The humble but striking lily of the valley was the emblem of the Norse goddess of the dawn, Ostara. In Christian lore, it’s said that the lily of the valley sprang from the tears of Mary as she wept at the cross. The lily of the valley represents purity, sweetness, and a renewal of happiness. This makes it a great choice for a wedding bouquet- especially one that’s not too neat or fussy. It’s fairly expensive on a per-stem basis. But only a few are necessary to make a beautiful bouquet. It can also be accented nicely with other flowers. Orange Blossom Also Called: Citrus Sinensis Cost Range (Per Stem): Not a typical bouquet flower; discuss with a florist Seasonal Availability: Spring About This Love Flower When the orange tree blooms- usually in April- it bears beautiful, fragrant white flowers. These flowers are closely associated with weddings in many cultures. It’s said that the crusaders brought the practice back to Europe from the Middle East, where Saracen brides wore the blossoms as a symbol of fecundity. In Victorian England the blossoms came to signify a bride’s purity. In Japan, orange blossoms symbolize chastity and eternal love. The blossoms have remained symbolic of a fruitful marriage, loveliness, and innocence. For a traditional (and pleasantly fragrant) wedding flower experience, use orange blossoms in the bridal headpiece or bouquet. Roses (White) Also Called: Rosa Cost Range (Per Stem): $-$$$ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower The white rose bears many different shades of meaning. It’s said that white roses accompanied the birth of Aphrodite from the sea. In the Christian era the white rose was associated with the Virgin Mary. To the Victorians, it signified chastity and innocence. The white rose most traditionally symbolizes purity. However, it also symbolizes new beginnings, loyalty, and soul-deep love. This make it a very appropriate wedding flower. Cream roses in particular are considered very bridal flowers. Stephanotis Also Called: Madagascar jasmine, bridal flower Cost Range (per stem): $ Seasonal Availability: Year-round About This Love Flower White, trumpet-shaped Stephanotis is native to Africa and heavily perfumed. Its also the quintessential wedding flower, as it symbolizes marital happiness. Its delicate blooms, sweet scent, and symbolic meaning make it an extremely popular flower for wedding bouquets and boutonnieres. It can be a filler in an arrangement with larger blooms, or clusters of stephanotis can be the focal point. Wedding Anniversary Flowers When you’re picking flowers for a wedding anniversary, first ask yourself: Do I want to give the traditional flower associated with the anniversary, or do I want to branch out? If your spouse doesn’t even know that there are specific anniversary flowers, you’re probably better off choosing something you know s/he will appreciate. Any of the romantic flower choices could be good choices for anniversary flowers. If, however, your think your spouse would appreciate receiving the traditional anniversary bouquet for your designated year of marriage, here’s a chart with the breakdown. (Note that past the fifteenth year, there aren’t flowers for every year anymore!) Chart Anniversary Flower 1st Carnation 2nd Lily of the valley 3rd Sunflower 4th Hydrangea 5th Daisy 6th Calla lily 7th Freesia 8th Lilac 9th Bird of paradise 10th Daffodil th Tulip 12th Peony 13th Chrysanthemum 14th Orchid 15th Roses 20th Aster 25th Iris 30th Lily 40th Gladiolus 50th Yellow roses and violets This could be a beautiful anniversary bouquet. Love Flowers To Avoid You have a lot of options for flowers of love. But what about flowers you should avoid? Here are a few types of flowers you may want to leave out of your romantic bouquets. Yellow Flowers Yellow flowers typically symbolize one of two things: platonic friendship or jealousy. Neither of these are particularly auspicious messages for romance. I’m not saying you can never send yellow flowers to someone you're in a relationship with: if yellow is their favorite color, or you have an established relationship and you want to send some cheer, yellow might be appropriate. But early in a relationship, you may want to avoid yellow’s ambiguous symbolism. Flowers With Un-romantic Symbolism In addition to yellow flowers, there are several other plant varieties that don't lend themselves to very romantic messages: A gift of narcissus indicates that the recipient is self-obsessed and egotistical. Not the most heartfelt and romantic message! Lavender signifies distrust, perhaps because it was frequently used to conceal unpleasant odors. A striped carnation signifies refusal of love. Snapdragons signify both graciousness and deception, so this is another flower that may be fraught with romantic peril. You might want to avoid these blooms. Flowers That Will Poison Your Pets or Children Nothing kills romance faster than a dead puppy. If your beloved has pets (or children) at home, avoid giving flowers that are poisonous to the household denizens! Some of the biggest poison culprits are lilies and calla lilies. You can look up other plants poisonous to children here and other plants poisonous to pets here. Remember, roses are edible- making them pretty much non-toxic to all! So they're generally a safe bet. Flowers That Trigger Allergies Does your beloved get hay fever? Then there are a few flowers you should avoid, unless you want them to sneeze whenever they get too close to your bouquet! The asteraceae family may trigger allergies. This family includes asters, dahlias, daisies, Gerbera daisies, and chrysanthemums. Lilies also have pollen, but you can trim off the stamens before gifting the flower, eliminating the problem. In general, flowers with smaller blooms produce more pollen than larger flowers, making them more of an issue for allergy sufferers. Definitely not a great flower for love! So definitely don't pick poisonous yellow flowers with lots of pollen! Key Takeaways: Finding the Perfect Love Flowers When it comes to buying romantic flowers, not all blooms are created equal! When choosing the best bouquet for a loved one, you’ll need to consider: Price: What can you afford, and what’s appropriate to spend? Seasonality/availability: what flowers are available? Symbolism: What flowers send the most appropriate symbolic message? Personality of the recipient: What flowers match the recipient’s style, taste, and personality? Different flowers are potentially appropriate for different points in a relationship. Flowers particularly appropriate for early in a courtship include the aster, the gerbera daisy, the hyacinth, the lilac, and the ranunculus. Blooms well-suited to romantic occasions and Valentine’s bouquets include the bird-of-paradise, red carnations, gladiolus, lilies, orchids, roses (orange, red, or purple), the sweet pea, and red or purple tulips. The most appropriate wedding flowers include the calla lily, the lily of the valley, orange blossoms, white roses, and stephanotis. For wedding anniversaries, you can give your significant other either the designated anniversary flower for your years of marriage or an appropriately romantic bouquet of your choosing. Here’s what you should avoid when crafting a romantic bouquet: Yellow flowers- they mean either platonic friendship or infidelity Flowers with negative or ambiguous symbolism, like narcissus, lavender, striped carnations, and snapdragons. Flowers poisonous to any pets or children that live at the recipient’s home Blooms that will trigger allergies, if the recipient has them Armed with this info, you’re ready to craft the most romantic bouquet the world (or at least your paramour) has ever seen!

Disintermediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disintermediation - Essay Example This direct interaction between the buyers and sellers was perceived to be free from any intermediation of third party firms i.e. middlemen as technology greatly reduced the cost of searching the information regarding the buyers and sellers lessening the dependence on the middlemen. This virtual absence of middlemen kick started the process of disintermediation and it was largely believed that with advances in e-Commerce, disintermediation will increase and will result into the reduction of cost of searching the information. However, the same seem not to be happening as despite improvements in the technology and whole e-Commerce process, disintermediation did not took place as expected. This work will look into exploring the reasons behind this perceived disintermediation and e-Commerce and why it did not took place despite the bright future of doing business electronically was promised by the e-Commerce. However before discussing the core issue it will be very important that some of the latest business models and real example be explored in order to broaden the scope of our study and better understand the linkages between e-Commerce and disintermediation and future survival of disintermediation. Through traffic driving, traditional retail stores are diverting their internet website visitors to their physical stores therefore the traditional retailers as a point of defense has already started to explore a relatively new and unique model of brick and click or bricks and mortars. Bricks and Clicks are traditionally described as a sales model that utilizes both the traditional stores and internet to generate the sales. (This business model, also known as clicks and mortar or clicks and bricks, began to be used in the 1990s. The rise of the Internet opened up opportunities for online trading. Initially this was utilized by companies whose primary business was Internet-based - the so-called clicks companies. Established trading companies followed when it

The Real Experience of Kidney Donors Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 40

The Real Experience of Kidney Donors - Assignment Example 2. The statement of the problem in the article highlights the essence of exploring the experiences of the live kidney donors and understanding them in order to offer strategies that utilize the experiences optimally. 3. The significance of the study is that it highlights the real experience that kidney donors face and seeks ways through which kidney donors and potential kidney donors can develop a positive attitude towards kidney donation. 4. Although the article does not have a distinct literature review section, the literature in the introduction and the methods section offer a comprehensive review about kidney donation and its effects on the donors and the possible ways in which more people can be encouraged to donate their kidneys. Even if some of the literatures are old, they give a comprehensive analysis of the problem, data analysis and provide a conclusion that is up to date with the current trends of surgery. For instance, Glaser and Straus(1967) offer one of the best interview analysis by utilizing the constant method of analysis. The literature also includes the latest publications that offer the current research trends and analysis. For instance, Recart et al(2005) talk about modern strategies that can be used to fast-track recovery after surgery. It can be concluded that the literature used is comprehensive and conclusive as it covers all aspects of kidney donation such as the physical and psychological ef fects and tries to seek for ways of encouraging more people to donate kidneys. 5. The methodology employed is qualitative in nature. This is because the respondents were interviewed in order to establish their views about kidney donations. By using the survey research design to explore people’s perception of the subject matter (kidney donation), it is easier to understand the major constraints and establish modalities that are essential in overcoming these constraints. For instance, this research established that the major constraints are psychological and physical effects of kidney donation and so the constraints can be overcome by educating the potential donors.  

The Yellow Wallpaper - Managing the Madness-Mental Illness Research Proposal

The Yellow Wallpaper - Managing the Madness-Mental Illness - Research Proposal Example ory, an exaggerated account of an event from Gilman’s own life, stands as a statement against the male oppression of women experienced throughout much of history, but particularly as it was still experienced in the late 19th century when this story was written. Although many advances have been made on the part of women to explore their own goals and psyches, ‘the problem that has no name’ discussed by Friedan and illustrated by Gilman remains an issue as women continue to find many of the same objectification issues they have faced for centuries. In the story, John and the protagonist take up residence in an upper room of the house, thought to have once been a nursery, with bars on the windows and old faded yellow wallpaper attached to the walls. This wallpaper plays a large role in the progression of the woman’s illness as she begins to see women creeping around inside it, trying to escape the oppression they, too, have experienced. The woman is instructed to stay within the room, doing nothing, thinking nothing and engaged in absolutely no household chore, until she is well. While the diagnosis is to rest, with absolutely no burdens placed upon her, this treatment does not seem the wise course to the woman. â€Å"Personally, I disagree with their ideas. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do?† However, her opinion doesn’t matter in the slightest as she is told to hush and stop being so contrary. In the end, the woman is completely insane, creeping around the walls herself after peeling the wallpaper off as high as she can reach, even creeping over her husband, who has fainted against the wall, in order to continue her progress unimpeded. One of the biggest impacts on women throughout history has been a general socially oriented tendency to objectify the gender rather than consider females as fully viable members of a society. According to Diana Kendall (2004),

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Summary - Assignment Example Numbers are more convincing since readers and audiences often focus on profits, losses, savings and costs. The numbers provided ought to be easy, trustworthy and accurate. In addition, the presenter should be able to cite the source of information for reference purposes. Utilization of examples in the presentation helps the audience to remember and visualize the point. Examples enabled the presenter to show the audience, the meaning of the information. Associating the presentation or research to expert opinions lends credibility and authority to any claim. The presenter should remember to cite the expert during presentation of the information. A presenter requires something more than evidence to change the minds of the audience. The presenter has to appeal to common goals and value of the presenter. In business organization for example, the presenter is required to identify common goals and appeal to them in order to convince other employee. The goals of people are often shaped by their values: honesty, loyalty, friendship, fairness and equality. In addition, the presenter should also appeal to the shared values (pg 51). A speaker or presenter should also consider the cultural context when passing information to the audience. This is because; reaction to persuasive appeals can be determined by the values and custom of a certain culture. Understanding the culture of the audience is quite significant as it might differ in people’s willingness to criticize, debate, or express emotions and disagreement. Additionally, cultures may also differ in their attitude towards technology, business, competition as well as the rol e of women at their place of work. Grier (2008, pg 53), states that, ‘primacy of face saving is one of the key values in all cultures. It is the act of preserving an individual’s outward dignity and prestige’. Presenters should ensure they pay attention to situations

Financial Markets after Enron and WorldCom Collapse Assignment - 3

Financial Markets after Enron and WorldCom Collapse - Assignment Example This necessitated legal, social and financial reforms. One such legislation, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has meant that public companies spend additional millions for compliance, (Roy and Walter, 56). The NYSE also proposed a new governance proposal, which focused on eliminating conflicts of interest. The financial markets with time recovered with fears of the costs of regulation and financial intermediation being passed on to consumers. Government efforts to clean up the mess began with the state of the Union address on 29th January 2002 by then-President George Bush on the impact of corporate failures on markets and society. Enforcement agencies were formed by the SEC, Justice Department and Congress in an effort to punish offenders. Several were indicted and jailed. Billions of out of court settlements were reached compensating investors albeit minimally. The financial crisis of 2008 emanated from a mix of bad political, financial, corporate and economic decisions. Though it may take time for effects of decisions to manifest, the private sector greed for short-term profit is responsible for escalating the financial crisis. The ensuing events were set in motion by three related factors. First off, there were large inflows of foreign funds into the United States following the Asian financial crisis of the late 90s and the debt crisis in Russia. Availability of credit led to a boom in the construction industry, most of which was debt financed. Further, a noble liberal political idea that encouraged and pressured banks to help poor people transform into homeowners began during the Clinton administration. This led to the creation of numerous sub-prime loans to borrowers with poor creditability, with no down payments, and no verification of assets and liabilities setting them up  for defaults, (Michael, 253). This was fuelled in part by the greed of lenders, bankers and related financial institutions.

Summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 29

Summary - Assignment Example Numbers are more convincing since readers and audiences often focus on profits, losses, savings and costs. The numbers provided ought to be easy, trustworthy and accurate. In addition, the presenter should be able to cite the source of information for reference purposes. Utilization of examples in the presentation helps the audience to remember and visualize the point. Examples enabled the presenter to show the audience, the meaning of the information. Associating the presentation or research to expert opinions lends credibility and authority to any claim. The presenter should remember to cite the expert during presentation of the information. A presenter requires something more than evidence to change the minds of the audience. The presenter has to appeal to common goals and value of the presenter. In business organization for example, the presenter is required to identify common goals and appeal to them in order to convince other employee. The goals of people are often shaped by their values: honesty, loyalty, friendship, fairness and equality. In addition, the presenter should also appeal to the shared values (pg 51). A speaker or presenter should also consider the cultural context when passing information to the audience. This is because; reaction to persuasive appeals can be determined by the values and custom of a certain culture. Understanding the culture of the audience is quite significant as it might differ in people’s willingness to criticize, debate, or express emotions and disagreement. Additionally, cultures may also differ in their attitude towards technology, business, competition as well as the rol e of women at their place of work. Grier (2008, pg 53), states that, ‘primacy of face saving is one of the key values in all cultures. It is the act of preserving an individual’s outward dignity and prestige’. Presenters should ensure they pay attention to situations

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for Essay

Chronic fatigue syndrome, dietary and lifestyle changes for improvement of health - Essay Example The implication is that all the bodily functions go slow: feeling fatigued. The fatigue discussed here is not the kind that comes from heavy exertion, a busy day or week, or even a stressful event, such as a death of a loved one. Bed rest does not cure the fatigue, and daily functions, along with normal cognitive skill levels, are greatly reduced, such as producing a mental fog. Symptoms can last at least six months and beyond, through a lifetime. This seriously affects the patient’s lifestyle, creating problems at work, within family relationships, any educational and outside social activities (CDC, 2014a; WHRC, 2011). In this paper, we review the diagnosis of a patient who has been determined to have CFS, and what some of the solutions can be, based on the symptoms presented. Notably, women (522) are twice as often to get CFS as men (291) do, within a group of 100,000 people (Logan & Wong, 2001). The patient is a 42-year old male, diagnosed with CFS, a body mass index (BMI) of 32, is obese, and is experiencing fibromyalgia, rheumatism, depression and anxiety, a poor sleep pattern of very little at night, with an 18-hour day. Additionally, there is heretic bowel function with nausea, diarrhoea, alternating with constipation, belching, heartburn and indigestion, along with cravings, all of which suggests potential irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Aside from the lack of energy, the patient presents symptoms of diabetes II. The patient will be checked first for an official diagnosis of diabetes I or II, and will also be tested for muscular oxidative stress (mitochondria), and weakness of satellite cells, along with adrenal fatigue, will also be tested and measured. The patient is currently taking medication for depression, migraine and fibromyalgia. There are two widely-held hypotheses regarding the nature of CFS and associated illnesses commonly found with the overall diagnosis of CFS. The first is that fatigue is caused by psychological

Hippa and Information Technology Essay Example for Free

Hippa and Information Technology Essay In this checkpoint I will be discussing certain questions that involve HIPPA and information technology. With technology growing every single day, there are questions that are always involved when dealing with medical record issues. One question would be what advantages could a standardized medical records database offer? What HIPPA issues could arise? And why do you believe technology in the medical records management industry is so far behind other industries? These are the questions I will be answering in this checkpoint. I will start off by talking about the advantages a medical records database could offer. The main advantage of a standardized medical records database would be the convenience. To be able to locate a file with the push of a button would make work for the staff a lot faster. With paper documents it could take hours for another physician or hospital to obtain the information they would need. Another advantage would be the time it would take for a person to travel to and from their physician office to obtain their records for another facility. What HIPPA issues could arise? The main issue when dealing with medical records being online would be their patient’s information staying safe. In these days too many people are able to access sites and databases that should be secure. With people being able to hack and steal identities, this is a major problem when it comes to HIPPA issues. Another issue that could arise would be a patient not signing the forms to allow information to be posted. If a patient does not sign their name, their information should not be put online or given to any other individual. Who do you believe technology in the medical records management industry is so far behind other industries? I believe that the medical record management industry is behind others is because of security. The information that this industry deals with is very sensitive and should be protected at all costs. There are several laws that are in place to insure the protection of the patients and if any of their information were to be leaked, the facility would be in a position for legal action.

Theoretical Overview of Gender Socialization

Theoretical Overview of Gender Socialization What is the meaning and intent behind this rhyme? What types of messages are given with a rhyme to children? How children internalize these messages? What are little boys made of? Frogs and snails and puppy dog tails Thats what little boys are made of. What are little girls made of? Sugar and spice and all thats nice. Thats what little girls are made of. (Marchbank Letherby, 2007). Immediate after the birth, children are surrounded with environmental input from the society in which they grow up, peers and teachers they interact, media, books and parents related to their gender and roles attributed to their gender. Those messages and social cues tell children there are two ways of existing (Marchbank Letherby, 2007). Children are surrounded with environmental in-put about gender from family, peers, and the media. At the same time, they make their own attempts to understand the world and to form categories that help organize it. Gender provides one convenient way for them to accomplish this cognitive organization. In addition, society suffuses the gender distinction with affect, making gender what is perhaps the most salient (Eckes and Trautner, 2000). Gender is seen as a categorical system made up of many levels. Although at the most fundamental level, it is defined by physiology as biological differences between the sexes, on the basis of their sexual anatomy; it usually refers to social, cultural and psychological rules and traits linked to males and females through particular social context. Gender Identity is defined as individuals experience oh himself or herself as masculine or feminine and one of the strongest components of socialization is the development of gender identity. Gender identity, an aspect of self-concept, develops in childhood, learned early and well (Richardson Simpson, 1982). The acquisition and modification of childrens gender roles, attitudes, and social behaviors related to gender, are regulated by many factors, including the values of social class to which they belong, interaction with peers and teachers, exposure to behavior and standards through mass media and especially parents and their parenting styles are the most principle and most influential agents in childrens gender socialization process (Mussen, et al, 1979). In the fallowing part, the influences of parents will be discussed; however, it is needed to look at theoretical overview of gender role development to understand the role of parents in detail. Theoretical Overview of Gender Socialization All theories of gender role development focus on primary socialization and deal with how children learn gender identity, at the time they become aware of two sexes having different gender roles and acting differently. Gender socialization and gender role development are influenced by a variety of significant elements such as biology, social constitutions and social interaction and personality. Different theories bring different point of look and understanding to these each element (Lindsey, 2005). Biological accounts of gender differences have been popular in recent years by focusing on the hormonal and genetic factors. Physical differentiation of two sexes and differentiation of sex organs are determined due to the sex hormones and chromosomes. Here, starting at the conception, it could be said that hormones play a role in sex differentiation between male and female bodies, but it is not at all (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007). Biological theories of sex differences indicate that hormone activity as biological events are viewed as producing psychological and cognitive differences between sexes in terms of being nurturance or aggressiveness. For example, the changes in the mood of women during the menstrual cycle are seen as result of the hormone levels in their blood or the level of testosterone becomes a common explanation used to explain aggressive and hostile behaviors (Burr, 1998). However, there are also studies in literature rejecting the effects of hormones on the differences of behaviors among the females and males. Monozygotic twins sharing 100% of identical genes have been analyzed in terms of the similarities and differences in their behaviors. Mitchell and his colleagues resulted that genes can explain from 20% to 48% of the differences among the behaviors, but environmental factors have a greater role in the range of 52%- 80% of differences (Helgeson, 2005). When the attention is drawn on the studies of testosterone hormone, according to the study of Brannon, both males and males involved in criminal activities and the relationship between aggressiveness and violence can not be solely depending on the testosterone level in men (Brannon, 2005). Similar to the results of Brannon, according to a study conducted with prisoners, college students and psychiatric patients, it is found that there was no positive correlation between hostility and testosterone levels (Burr, 1998). Additionally to these findings, the level of testosterone should not be associated with males, rather in a study; there is a correlation between increased testosterone levels of female students and improved performance on tests for spatial abilities. However, the improvement is not due to the presence of testosterone, rather it is related to relative level of testosterone seen as determinant character of optimal performance (Smith, 2007). When the attention has been turned to the brain studies to explain sex differences in cognition and behaviors of females and males, again paradoxical explanations can be seen in that era. Although, some argue that differential brain lateralization contributes differently to the emotional and cognitive functions of two sexes, the findings are not satisfactory to explain gender role differences (Hetherington Parke, 1993). Different areas of brain have been playing different roles in terms of different cognitive functions. It is believed that right-hemisphere dominated male brain makes men superior in the spatial abilities, while women are good at verbal and language skills because of the lateralization of their brain which is left-hemisphere (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007). However, in a study, damage to the right-hemisphere related to spatial skills influenced both men and women. Hiscock and colleges concluded that the differences among two sexes because of the brain specialization are very small with 1 and 2 % variability (cited in Helgeson, 2005). Besides, it is reviewed that right-hemisphere is more emotional half of the brain. So, if women are left-hemisphere and men left-hemisphere dominated how women are seen as more emotional than men (Lindsey, 2005). When it is generally looked at the literature of brain studies and biological theories, it should be said that the evidences are contradictory and those studies supporting the influences of biology on the gender differences suffer from methodological inadequacies. Therefore depending on the theories of many researches on the issue of gender socialization, it is assumed that biology alone can not be thought as determinant gender roles and gender differences in behavior and cognition. However, those biological theories draw attention of the theorist to explain the reasons of variability in the behaviors of men and women. That is why it is needed to focus on social-situational and cognitive factors while investigating the process of gender role development. To begin with the psychoanalytic theory, Freud in his theory, talked about a series of stages playing role in the development of personality and third stage focused on the development of gender roles (Helgeson, 2005). In the third stage called as phallic, Freud described the role family environment where children engage in the process of identification with mothers feminine virtue of love and nurturance and with fathers masculine strengths of discipline and rules. That means phallic stage is the starting point that boys and girls discover their genitals and they realize that only boys have penises which leads both boys and girls to view girls as inferior. Due of the desire of opposite-sex parent, oedipal complex, boys fear castration, because father figure is seen as source of threat and fear. Boys, at this stage, overcome their castration anxiety, by giving up sexual attraction for their mother and by identifying with their fathers (Eckes and Trautner, 2000). For girls, the resolution of Electra complex with the meaning of being sexually attracted to their fathers is not completely resolved in the same way that the oedipal complex of boys resolved. Freud was not clear explaining girls identification with their mothers. For girls, anxiety occurs because of the penis envy, realization of girls that they do not have a penis and they blame their mothers for anatomic deficiencies. Therefore, girls want to attract their fathers which lead them to handle conflict, Electra complex, by identifying with their mothers and transferring their energies to make themselves attractive towards their fathers (Smith, 2007). Freuds psychoanalytic theory, however, has been criticized on a number of grounds. One of them is that it is not possible to evaluate thoughts and actions by sexual instincts of unconscious mind from a scientific standpoint. That means it is difficult to verify objectively, whether girls suffer from penis envy or boys from castration anxiety. Another criticism comes from feminist theories due to the Freudian thoughts related to penis envy and castration anxiety. Karen Horney, a feminist psychologist, pointed out the importance of social forces as determinant of gender identity rather than biology. Horney, believed that penis envy experienced by girls, does not reflect an actual adoration to have a penis; rather it is envy of power and social status attributed to men (Brannon, 2005). On the other hand, psychoanalytic theory has been criticized by many researchers of not considering any outside influences such as parents, peers or media (Matlin, 1987). Margret Mahlers and Nancy Chodorows Object-relation Theory grew out of Freuds psychoanalytic theory, but it emphasized the importance of early relationship in establishing gender identity. Like Freud although they stressed the importance of sexuality, Mahler and Chodorow believed that rather than unconscious process, family structure and childrens early experiences have an important role in shaping their gender socialization (Helgeson, 2005). Besides Parson mentioned that Freudian psycho-analytic theory is needed to be modified by pointing out on the development of social roles of children. In his model, Parson emphasized that children learn the male and female roles by playing roles of other family members. Girls learn how to be a mother, or boys learn how to be a father by observing what is expected of individuals who enact roles. According to Parson, gender development of children is the result of learning by mastering of prescribed roles (Eckes and Trautner, 2000). Unlike psychoanalytic theory of Freud emphasizing anatomic human drives in the role of socialization, social learning theory should focus on external events controlling childrens behaviors and the theory also posited that defining factors which promote gender socialization come from the social world. It is assumed by behaviorists that appropriate behaviors have been learned directly through reinforcement or indirectly through observation and imitation (Burr, 1998). Depending on operant-conditioning theory, different expectations lead to different reinforcement from parents, teachers or other agents such as television programmes, books, comics including a rich source of symbolic models reinforcing stereo-typical behaviors for females and males. They reinforce children for behaviors which are thought appropriate to their gender and such social pressures serve to condition gender-typed behaviors such as for girls playing with dolls or for boys playing with balls. Children by this way, learn that gender appropriate behaviors which are reinforced with praise and gender inappropriate behaviors which are scolded by punishment (Smith, 2007). On the other hand, Albert Bandura, social learning theorist, explained the process of socialization of children emphasizing the role of observation and imitation. Parents are seen as primary figures who are imitated and viewed as role models by children. Throughout the time they spent with their parents, children first discriminate gender-typed behavior patterns, then they make generalization of what they have learned to new situations and they performed similar to what they acquired from their observations of their parents. As a result, girls become feminine and boys become masculine by imitating similar models, because society rewards them to behave in particular way (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007). However, like psychoanalytic theory, social-learning theory has been criticized in many ways. Depending on the first criticism, a girl can be rewarded for a masculine activity, such as being a basketball player; however they keep a tight hold on other aspects of feminine role. That means rewarding or punishing a behavior does not always lead children to behave in desired way. Besides, social learning theory underestimate the importance of social changes such as increasing number of single or divorce family environments where adults take on a range of non-traditional roles. Lastly, and the most apparent critique towards social learning theory is that its view of children passive recipients of rewards and punishment and it fails to explain children who are quite rigid about constructing their personal version of gender roles (Lindsey, 2005). Unlike social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory views children as primary agent of his or her own gender role socialization by pointing out the importance of cognitive skills as determinants of selecting role models. Building his theory of Piagets work, the most and the first influential cognitive-developmental theory of sex typing were proposed by Kohlberg. According to him, as children have developed intellectually, they become able to understand the world in terms of categories, including gender categories. The starting point of comprehending the world of child is self-realization which is distinguishing each individual from others. To acquire all aspects of self-realization, children develop their gender identity by observing and labeling behaviors of males and females and translating those sex-typed behaviors at the age six where gender constancy is in place. After that time, to develop their self-esteem, same-sex attitudes, occupations and activities are seen as g ood by children (Serbin, et. al., 1993). Kohlbergs cognitive developmental model of sex typing has been influential since it gives importance to childrens active roles in determining gender-based value system. However, like other theories, there are some limitations in cognitive developmental model. It is criticized since there is a problem to understand the sequence in this model whether gender identity or childrens understanding of gender constancy comes first. According to theory, gender constancy should be acquired before children start to develop a gender-based value system fitting their gender role. However, studies stress that there are children who can not acquired gender constancy, become aware of sex-typed behaviors and integrate them in their lives (Lindsey, 2005). On the other hand, the theory fails to explain why sex such dominant category rather than race, religion, or even hair color. Therefore, to understand why children become sex-typed, rather than race or religious typed, and why priority is given to gender schemas, it is needed to look at the Gender Schema Theory (Marchbank and Letherby, 2007). Like Kohlberg, Sandra Bem, mentioned children categorize their social world along gender lines and their desire is to develop an identity which is consistent of social expectation. However, Bem, as mentioned above as shortcoming of cognitive developmental theory is only has valid explanation for the development of gender identity, not other variables such as eye color, race or culture (cited in Serbin, et. al., 1993). Depending on this theory, schemas are cognitive structures used to grasp the knowledge about the world, take perception and process new information. Gender schema includes information related to what being male or female means and what kinds of behaviors, cognitions, attitudes and emotions associated with those gender-related schemas. Children first learn what their gender is and they realize that there are significant differences related to each gender. This knowledge which children acquire by the sex-differentiated social messages, leads them to the information of gen der schema (cited in Smith, 2007). Like Kohlberg and Piaget, Bem agreed with the view of children as being primary agent of his/her own sex-role socialization, however, unlike those theorists, she emphasized the role of society as providing information used by individuals to acquire gender roles (Bem, 1983). Gender schema theory is the combination of the elements of social learning theory and cognitive developmental theory. When it is looked at the philosophy of social learning theory, it talked about how individuals acquire the different characteristics of female and male gender categories and what kinds of characteristics are associated with those categories. On the other hand, cognitive developmental theory also explains how children start to encode new information and how the accommodate this information into the schemas and categories maintain consistency. Besides, as an answer to the question of why sex-typed categories are dominant, Bem believes that gender is more salient and significant and society assigns to the category of gender a broad functional significance (cited in Helgeson, 2005). In short, gender schema theory indicates that every culture includes assumptions about certain characteristics within personalities of individuals. Sandra Bem used the term cultural lenses to define cultures values, beliefs and norms and due to the influences of those cultural norms and forces, without questioning and altering them, children accept to organize their world (Bem, 1983). When it is considered biological, social-learning, cognitive developmental and gender-schema theories, it could be concluded that each theoretical perspective has a number of problems. Although some of them focus on the environmental forces affecting gender identity, some others mentioned the importance of self-cognitive functioning as determinant issue of developing sex-typing behavior, but in fact, none fully explains gender identity acquisition and gender typing. However, generally, all these theories, offer productive avenues to explain gender role socialization. Now, it is needed to move the attention to sociologically based explanations accounting for primary socializing agents who play an important role on attitudes and behaviors of children regarding gender (Lindsey, 2005). Parents Expectation and Childrens Gender Role Socialization Within the aim of this paper, it is expected to find the answers to the questions of do parents provide different socialization for their girls and boys and do they have different expectations from them? Numerous studies on this issue reveal that by modeling traditional roles and encouraging sex-typed activities, parents influence childrens gender role socialization. (Fagot, 1974). Even starting before birth, mothers give sex-appropriate meaning to the activity of fetus. If fetus moves actively by kicking, mothers define this sign as the child will become more likely male than female (Lewis, 1972). Mothers and fathers have different expectations from their sons and daughters leading childrens gender role socialization depending on their values, attitudes and beliefs which are differentiated for girls and boys. To support this differentiation, a study was conducted with 1200 mothers and fathers from different cultural backgrounds to see how children socialize differently in terms of their gender in family environment. The results reveal that parents emphasize on their sons competition, autonomy, achievement and they support sex appropriate behaviors of their sons compared to girls. When parent-daughter relationships have been examined, parents concern warmth and closeness in the relationships with girls (Block, 1973). The study conducted by Pomerantz and Ruble also the relationships between attitudes of parent in use of control on their children and childrens self-evaluation. When it is looked at the outcomes of the research, parents are more controlling with their daughters rather than their sons and they give more autonomy to boys rather than girls. Childrens self-evaluation analysis also indicates that girls outperform boys in school and they have fewer behavioral problems, but on the other hand, they are more vulnerable to anxiety, depression compared to boys. The authors believe that parents differentiation of use of control with girls and boys is influential factor in their socialization (Pomerantz Ruble, 1998). Supporting the claims of Pomerantz and Ruble, Goshen-Gottstein mentioned that supporting dependency of boys rather than girls, mothers believe that boy should be autonomous (cited in Lindsey et.al.,1997). Similar to the findings of those studies and observation mentioned above, depending on the research of Lewis about the interaction between parents and child and expectation of parents, mothers believe that boys should be independent and autonomous than girls and hence they show more proximal behaviors such as touching, holding, or rocking to support their sons to explore their world. On the other hand, mothers look at the eyes of their girls and talk to their daughters more than they do with their sons as part of distal mode of behaviors (Lewis, 1972). Apart from mothers who spent a great deal of their time with both their sons and daughters, when the literature on parenting has been discovered, it is concluded that fathers play primary role in socialization process of their sons especially. A study done by Rothbart and Maccoby parents differential reactions towards their sons and daughters have been analyzed. Fathers have been seen to be potent constructor of the understanding of gender for their children. More likely than mothers, they encourage more traditional gender specific behaviors in their son. They empathize more with them and support independency and autonomy for their sons, rather than girls (Rothbart Maccoby, 1966). Besides, fathers have higher expectations for their sons and they give more emphasis on their sons achievement and occupational attainment rather than the success and carriers of their girls. (Maccoby Jacklin, 1974). As indicated above, due to their different expectations from their sons and daughters, parents reflect their values, beliefs and desires towards their attitudes, communication types and relationships with their children influencing their understanding of the world in a gender-schematic process. Clothes and Arrangement of Childrens Rooms Most parents know the sex of their baby before birth and design childs room accordingly. It is not surprising to see boys rooms are covered with educational and art materials, sport equipments, toy animals and vehicles, while girls rooms consist of dolls, house-keeping toys, and floral furnishings. In a study conducted by Rheingold and Cook, parents furnishing rooms of their sons and daughters has been examined and thought as providing index to their ideas about appropriateness by sex and their different attitudes towards their children. 96 children between the ages of 1 and 71.6 months are the sample of the study. The result of the study reveals that parents design differently the rooms of their daughters and sons with different styles of furnishing and toys. The boys rooms involve more vehicles, and toys supporting motor abilities of children, while girls rooms are full of with domestic equipments and toys of home encouraging nurturance and concern with fashion. According to author s, some of the differences were more apparent and impressive than expected. In girls rooms, there are not vehicle toys such as wagons, boats or buses which can be frequently found in boys rooms. On the other hand, almost total absence of baby dolls and domestic equipments can be observed in boys rooms seen in Table II (Rheingold Cook, 1975). According to authors of this study, the differences in parents furnishing of the rooms of their daughters and sons can be associated in other classes of their behavior towards their girls and boys (Rheingold Cook, 1975). Color-coded and gender-typed clothing of children are widespread and parents choose gender appropriate colors when dressing their children. While they prefer pink, yellows clothing and clothes in pastel tones with embroidered hearts and flowers for their girls, for sons, dark colors such as brown, blue or red clothes with superhero and athletic motives are preferred. According to social learning theory mentioned above, children receive strong messages from their parents related to their gender and by those positive reinforcement associated with their clothing, toys selection and room arrangement, they start to learn what is or not gender appropriate (Lindsey, 2007). Communication and Interaction Differences with Children Differences in the behavior of boys and girls are associated with the differences how parents behave toward them (Rheingold Cook, 1975). Numerous studies indicate that parents play a pivotal role in shaping childrens gender role development by interacting and using different communication types with their sons and daughters. The conversation styles of parents with their children are seen as persuasive socialization mechanisms through which gender roles are conveyed to children (OBrien Shinn, 2008). In a study conducted by Horan and with his colleagues, the aim is to investigate the differences among the communications between mother-daughter, mother-son, father-daughter and father-son dyads. Depending on the collected results of dyads, it is concluded that mothers communicate with their daughters by giving more feminine gender role messages compared to their sons. Similarly, when it is looked at the results of father-son dyads, it can be said that fathers encourage their sons to communicate in masculine styles by sending more masculine messages than they did to their girls. Fathers perceive their sons as being self-reliant, dominant, aggressive, competitive and ambitious than their daughters (Horan et.al, 2007). In another study, fathers have been found to play with their newborn sons and talk them more when compared to their daughters. Besides, when fathers interaction with their girls has been examined, the result shows that they are more gently cuddle to their newborn daughters, while physically rough to their sons (Fagot, 1974). According to the study conducted by Mussen and Rutherford (1963), masculinity of young boys is closely associated with the nature of father-son relationship. That means appropriate sex-role preferences in boys directly correlated with nurturing, affective relationship with their fathers who strongly motivate them towards masculine behaviors. On the other hand, by acting in feminine ways, participating with their daughters in girls game such as housekeeping, mothers become a feminine role model by encouraging their girls to act in the expected ways (Mussen Rutherford, 1963). More recently, a meta-analysis has been conducted about how parents behave towards their sons and daughters. Siegal (1987), concluded that mothers and fathers treat differently and the apparent differences has been found in the era of physical involvement. That means both mothers and fathers participated in physical activities with their boys and they were more strict, and restrictive with them (cited in Helgeson, 2005). Similar to those studies, in another research of OBrien and Shin, they aimed to discover differences in communication styles between mothers and fathers engaged in conversation with a 9-year-old son or daughter. They put two types of communication styles characterized differently for men and women. Assertive communication styles consist of characteristics which are directing attention of others, controlling whole conversation by influencing ideas of others and even interrupting the conversational partner and this style is thought as reflecting mens power and status in the society. On the other hand, affiliative communication which is considered to reflect lack of power of women in society is characterized by concentration on other person through conversation, focusing on others ideas and expecting involvement from partner. The results of the study indicate that fathers use more assertive communication styles and mothers were more affiliative through conversation. In this study, sex o f child has an important role of use of each communication styles. When the powerful status of males and even male children have been considered in society, according to authors, it is not surprising that both mothers and fathers used more affiliative speech with their boys to support their power and dominancy (OBrien Shinn, 2008). Besides those studies, in another study, the frequencies of mothers and fathers parenting behavior with their sons and daughters have been examined. Depending on the results of the study, mothers engage in personal interaction with their daughters rather than their son and similar results of fathers with their sons. According to the authors, traditional gender stereotypes children acquire are the consequences of differential parenting of girls and boys by their mothers and fathers (Moon Hoffman, 2008). Play and Toys Selection In the socio-emotional domain, children develop through the expansion of their social network, from the early relationship with their parents to relationship including other people, especially peers. In this step of the socialization process, play becomes most powerful agent for the formation of peer relationships (Smith, 2007). When the developmental literature has been discovered, consistent findings indicate that children prefer playing with traditionally stereotyped toys for their own sex more than toys stereotyped for the other sex (Martin et.al., 1995). While boys tend to be more active and show higher interest in rough-and-tumble play, girls mostly prefer playing with dolls in the dramatic play (Thorne, 2005). Even starting very early in their lives, children show sex-differences in terms of play and toys selection. Depending on the study of Goldberg and Lewis, 13 month olds, 32 girls and boys behaviors in free play, their interaction with mothers and mothers responses to their infants have been observed. Results indicate that boys and girls reflect striking differences in terms of interaction with mothers, toys and styles of their play. When it is looked at their play styles, girls select toys appropriate for fine motor coordination rather than gross motor abilities. In contrast girls, rather than sitting on the floor, boys are more active by rolling the landowner over toys seen in picture below. Considering maternal behavior of mothers showing differentiation between girls and boys in terms of touching, vocalization and response to their play, author concluded that parents catalyze sex-role appropriate behaviors of children by reinforcing sex-typed activities (Goldberg Lewis, 1969). Parents are the first agent who enact traditionally prescribed sex role