Vision statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Vision statement - Essay ExampleI will advance my experience and skills in human resource management and use that information in offering solution involving employees in the political party I will be working with (Alexander, 2007). I will build rapport with some other employees and my senior in the company in order to ensure smooth running of the activities not solely in my department, but in wholly other departments. I will devote all my expertness towards my work by working six days a week to maximize my contribution to the company and at the same time make more funds. I believe in work shipment and I will dedicate my time to work and spare some of my resources to help others who may regard my assistance in one or another (Norton, 2013).In conclusion, I will use all resources available for me in order to get an opportunity to as senior human resource staff office in a competent organization where I will be able to earn money and take care of my family and

Financial Accounting has become increasingly standardised and Essay - 1

Financial Accounting has become increasingly standardised and match across organizations in different industries, while Management Accounting continues to be highly variable - try out ExampleThe following paragraphs lead explain in detail why there MUST be a compulsory implementation of harmonized accounting standards in financial accounting (Leuz, Pfaff, and Hopwood 3).Both approaches resile the different purpose and role of financial and management accounting to the intent that is required for quality ratiocination making activities. The users of financial statements will need the latest copy of the balance planer to determine the agree amount of assets that the company owns. The assets are the resources of the company. The assets include both the current as well as the non -current assets. flowing assets include cash, receivables from customers and subsidiaries, inventory end, office supplies, office equipment, land, buildings, factory equipment and other assets. Likewise , the users of the financial statements are interested to give out a copy of the latest balance sheet in order to know the total liabilities or payables of the company. The liabilities include both the current liabilities and long term liabilities. In addition, the users of the financial statements need the balance sheet in order to determine the total stockholders equity section.Further, the users of the financial statements need the latest copy with the possibleness of obtaining the prior year or years financial statements to determine how much the company has generated in ground of sales and cost of sales. This data is found in the income statement. the income statement shows the total amount of gross profit, administrative and marketing expenses. Likewise, the users of the financial statements will need the statement of cash flows to determine where the cash inflows and cash outflows had gone(a) to during the accounting period. Usually, the accounting period covers a twelve month period.Further, the following discussion of the Enron scandal will give a deeper reflection of the different different purpose and role of financial accounting to the extent that is required for quality

Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 Research Paper

Italys invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 - Research Paper ExampleIt will identify the multitude tactics utilize by both sides and comment on the outcome of the conflict. Finally it will psychoanalyse the consequences of the military conflict. Causes Italy had been a latecomer in the scramble for colonies as compared with separate European powers. During the 1920s, it had signed a intimacy treaty with Ethiopia which called for mutual respect and peace across the borders. However, the Mussolini regime sought to consolidate its power in the Horn of Africa. Ethiopia was a lifelike target due to its huge size and resources (Gooch, 45). In addition, the Italians wanted to visit their humiliating defeat at the Battle of Adowa in 1896 at the hands of the Ethiopian armies. The immediate hunting expedition for the conflict was a series of border disputes in Italian Somaliland. Italy had established a military place in the Welwel oasis which was considered to be Ethiopian territory. Subsequ ently in December 1934, a military coming upon broke out between Ethiopian and Italian forces in the Wal Wal incident (Gooch, 45). These border disputes were not handled in an efficient manner by the League of Nations. The UK and France re of imported passive in the wake of Italian provocations. This emboldened Italy to lead off a war against Ethiopia on October 1935. Military Tactics The Italians enjoyed complete military superiority over the indisposed armed Ethiopians. The goal of the Italians was to use overwhelming force through the application of modern weapons like warplanes, artillery, tanks, and missiles. The Italians used combined arms operations that comprised of infantry which was supported by armor and airpower. This shocking power decimated spotless Ethiopian armies (Mockler, 93). The Italians also used poison gas as a means of terrorizing and demoralizing the defenders. Civilians were killed and the natural environment was decimated through the use of poison gas. The Italian army was considered to be relatively inexperienced when compared with other Western armies. Its move on into Ethiopia was remarkably slow despite its inherent military superiority. The Ethiopians were able to stall the advance for six months before being overwhelmed by superior technology. Despite their inferior weapons, they were able to utilize the terrain and numeral strength to isolate and destroy Italian columns in several actions. The Ethiopians sought to drag the Italians into a bloody(a) war of attrition. They sought to use guerillas in order to harass Italian military units behind their flanks and generate lines. Haile Selassie sought to use the Imperial Guard, the best trained armies, for driving a wedge between the main Italian armies. It was argued that the Ethiopians would avoid set piece battles and resort to guerilla warfare. Conventional war would be conducted totally on favorable terms in order to neutralize the military superiority of Italy (Nicol le, 92). Casualties and Outcome It is estimated that over 10,000 Italians and 275,000 Ethiopians were killed in the conflict. Over 44,000 Italians and 500,000 Ethiopians were wounded in the military conflict (Nicolle, 123). The Italians would win the war by defeating the Ethiopians after(prenominal) six months of battles. The occupation of Ethiopia would last until the liberation of the territory by the Allied forces. Ethiopian guerillas would continue to lease resistance against the occupying forces. Important Battles and Events Emperor Haile Selassie launched the Christmas Offensive as a counterattack against the advancing Italian forces.

Doctrines in the US Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doctrines in the US - Essay ExampleBy now, the American foreign indemnity makers should have already adopted a unified doctrine that should be applied by sequent US presidents. The reasons given below show why a unified doctrine is the best path forward for America History exists to teach and those who do non take the lessons of history to heart are always bound to repeat the same mistakes over and over again. In the 19th century, America did not bother with the occurrences outside of their borders (Carp 259). During the Spanish-American war and indeed during the Roosevelt Corollary, the stance was largely maintained except it had a twist. sooner of America just minding its own business, it was going to act as a broker of regional power. some historians considered the intention of America as a power broker as just an act of sassing service. Action was finally taken by the then president Wilson who decided to commit American army in the 1st beingness War and marked the first real intention that the area had the liking to take ground affairs on its heels. However, even before there was a chance for the country to prove itself as a leader of world affairs, it instead retreated and chose to support a federation of Nations. The next spur to action was occasioned the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese in 1941, which signaled the entry of America into the world war. The dropping of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima in 1945 was also a major wake up call which marked the end of American participation in World War II. The 2nd world war was the only time that America chose to act on the world stage and since then has worked vehemently in a bid to containing and eventually defeating communism. This brief history of the American action shows that the country had largely acted as a sole entity not wanting to be entangled in world affairs. It was only after the attack on Pearl Harbor that the country realise that the isolationist stance was only going to hurt it in the long term. The advances in technology invest an even bigger threat to the security of the citizens of the linked States as well as peace and perceptual constancy on the international stage. The war on terrorism is going to be a long and extend one aided by technology and religious sycophancy. The reluctance of the US to pursue the terrorist prior to the occurrences of 2001 was really costly for Americans. Therefore, there is need for one doctrine in order to avoid such occurrences from contingency again in the future. The way that America conducts itself on the world stage in the name of fight terrorism should be scrutinized so that it aids in the attraction of allies rather than the formation of adversaries. Already, there is a perception that America acts unilaterally when fighting terrorism which creates an aura of anti-Americanism which can only be detrimental in the future efforts by the country to fight terrorism. Long-term allies like Germany and France rule that America should channel its efforts on the war on terror through multilateral institutions like the United Nations. Currently, US presidents do no consultations with world leaders before taking any action. President provide literally went into Afghanistan and Iraq amidst opposition from many quarters in the international scene. President Obama recently invaded a monarch butterfly country, Pakistan, and conducted a raid without involving any other leadership. This can be

The futile Pursuit of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The futile Pursuit of Happiness - Essay ExampleThere is a multitude of truth in the article. Gertner states that we, ... go out adapt to a pleasurable event and become it the backdrop of our lives. We see this day-after-day through our own lives. Children will quickly discard and neglect the Christmas gips that they had anxiously waited a month to receive. The toy does not have the lifespan or the energy of the anticipation for it. People buy a newly car and soon find that the newness has worn off. Just as the glitter wears away from the Christmas toys, so does the ruefulness from a tragic loss. Its easy to think you will never find a job as good as the one that just laid you off, but people are almost forever pleasantly surprised by lifes fortunes.The mistake we often make in judging the comfort that we will receive from a given decision or event is generally due to our misunderstanding of where satisfaction lies. We may be unhappy due to our limited income. The thought of winning the lottery seems like it would make us ecstatic beyond belief. However, by logical examination, it would in all likelihood simply depart in greater unhappiness. If a modest amount of money made us unhappy, a capacious sum may make us miserable. How many of the things that make us unhappy could be changed with only money? The bills may be paid, but the underlying reasons for our unhappiness would persist.The author points out that we can van our emotions and in doing so make more rational decisions. A cooling off period to close out buyers remorse may be rational, but it removes the excitement of making a new purchase. Analyzing our potential for happiness based on laboratory rationale takes away our propensity for risk. It reduces our courage and limits our innovation and invention. While it may be a practical approach to making decisions, it precludes the human nature of emotion.Evaluating our predicted happiness and basing our decisions on a calculated outcome may b e more practical

Case Study- Marks & Spencer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study- Marks & Spencer - Essay ExampleCase Study- Marks & SpencerDespite sassy policies being made and brands shares overtaking the UK general retail index since 2009, M&S still fails to be a hit around the globe. I think this is because save cost savings, poor improvement is made in financial murder with majority of customers who approach M&S stores be to old age group. This is one of the main short comings of the company that it fails to attract younger people especially women to its stores and this is an theater of operations where more than work needs to be done by M&S management in order to compensate for the fall in profits. A growing body of arguments attempts to find out what only M&S should do to combat falling fashion gross revenue which despite different policies and numerous changes made within company, fail to reverse. People who ardently used to approach M&S stores for woodland shopping experience now hesitate because apart from dwindling standard, there i s also lack of presentation and flair in designs and patterns of clothes. This explains why M&S is currently relying more on nutriment sales for annual profits as clothing sales continue to struggle. I think it would be a better future strategy if M&S decides to focus less on celebrity-laden advertising campaigns and raiment more in bringing back the quality and originality in its clothing designs. It is reported that M&S CEO Bolland faces pressure from critics as the business reports consistent fall in clothing sales. (Thompson 2013). In secernate to cloth sales, M&S has made more progress as the most significant food retailer in the UK in terms of customer satisfaction. I think that same old arguments regarding performance and clothing sales will keep haunting M&S cloth stores in the coming years if the leaders do not make radical changes in the company. Employee em queenment is good solely this is also true that M&S has suffered quite much as a result of deciding to distribut e power to the lowest level possible. This decision started many of its store managers making many decisions on their own which were not very well-thought-out and negatively interfered with both fashion sales and customer loyalty. It is suggested that delivery of power to employees working on all levels is good but only if top management continues to heavily manage all operations being performed. It is also recommended that people at top positions in the company who fuddle power should establish a new healthy culture at M&S plc in an attempt to rid it of its constipated culture. This is the biggest challenge which should be analyzed in order to plummet vanquish the rate of operation problems. Also, failure to meet profit targets is one of the primary issues encountered by the management. Several issues handle poor relations with investors and suppliers, embarrassing boardroom arguments, failure to provide trendier clothes at lower prices, and more than necessary autonomy given t o people working at low level are answerable for this. I think that as a way of

Hristian theology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hristian pietism - Research Paper ExampleThe central theological event that defines the religious center of christianity is the event of the suffering with the subsequent resurrection. The basic plan of Christian belief is that deliverer died on the cross to take the weight of sin from mankind and was because reborn in order to activate salvation for those who believe. Salvation is a matter of belief and is not earned through good acts. Anformer(a) important belief is that when Christ died, the curtain was torn in the temple, thus opening communication between God and his people without the fatality of an intermediary priest. However, Catholicism cool it maintains the intermediary between the flock and God through their priests. According to Smith, religion in Jesus resurrection produced the Church and its Christology (324). The resurrection is the event that signals the divinity of Christ. According to Thiessen, there are several reasons that the resurrection is important. The primary is that through the witness of the apostles of the events of the resurrection, truth must be believed otherwise the recorded events are a delusion that strips all of the rest of the history of its truth. In other words, if one aspect is false, it puts into question all of the other aspects of the story of the life of Jesus. The second reason is that in rising from the dead, Jesus was then able to christen the believer in the Holy Spirit (Thiessen 243). In Romans, Paul makes clear that through the resurrection, man is harmonise with God, thus providing for salvation (Thiessen 244). Baptism, an act in which water is either sprinkled, poured, or within which a someone is immersed, provides an introduction of the person into the supernatural world through the... This paper demonstrates the Christian religion. The basic theology of the Christian religion is based upon the stories of the four Gospels which create a structure in which the life of Jesus is revealed. The an cestry of Jesus is told to have occurred as a miracle of conception. Mary is said to have been a saturated when she became pregnant. Near the time she must give birth, Mary and her husband Joseph traveled to his native home in Bethlehem in order to register in a census. As there is no room in the inn, they are given space in a stable to spend the night where Mary gives birth to her son. The central theological event that defines the religious center of Christianity is the event of the crucifixion with the subsequent resurrection. The basic concept of Christian belief is that Jesus died on the cross to take the burden of sin from mankind and was then reborn in order to activate salvation for those who believe. Salvation is a matter of belief and is not earned through good acts. Another important belief is that when Christ died, the curtain was torn in the temple, thus opening communication between God and his people without the need of an intermediary priest. However, Catholicism s till maintains the intermediary between the flock and God through their priests. While there are a grand number of theological discussions available about the nature of Christianity, the basic stories of his being exalted at birth, of his ministry, the crucifixion and resurrection define the central being of Jesus as the core of the nature of salvation.

Internt TV Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Internt TV - Assignment ExampleNBC The methods of delivering a moving picture may change due to technological changes with the passage of time but story-telling via icons like cartoons, movies and news ordain never change. So, it cigaret be predicted that a company like NBC that is a great media content supplier will be able to stay in business. The overall trend of watching a greater trigger off of vide content over the internet is not linked to a small demographic empyrean of the consumers but it is a rather consistent phenomenon across the globe and is popular among all ages and genders. (Fisher, 2007) As part of the action plan it has been suggested that NBC international should continue selling news and entertainment content to the TV and air companies until the cyberspace TV industry becomes mature. However, the content produced by NBC should be compatible to mesh TV, hence, NBC must correct to new business models in order to go through the transition phase from trad itional TV to internet TV. The undefiled infrastructure and the media content should be transformed from traditional contents to digital contents in order to meet the requirements of the future generations of internet TV. It is possible for NBC to broadcast the content over Internet TV in two ways Live broadcasts and on-demand videos. Using the live bare method, the company mint stream its content on their own official website and other internet TV service providers. On the other hand, on-demand video is the preparation of videos in a playlist form which are either hosted by the official website of the company or other channels. Playlists can be planned in different categories in order to cater the needs of different consumer segments like music, business and sports etc. The consumers should be given an prospect to choose what to watch and when to watch. It has been recommended that NBC should adopt any one of the following types of new revenue streams Subscription Subscription fee can be charged either on per video basis or monthly basis, for on-demand videos without advertisements. Free broadcasting Using the free broadcasting from its official website or other Internet TV content providers, NBC should abide by incorporating small advertisements like the present TV commercials in order to generate revenue. According to my opinion there is no loss expected to NBC in revenue streams, though the revenue generation may reluctant down a bit during the phase of transition from conventional TV to digital TV. Rogers It has been recommended for Rogers to develop and take a becloud computing mechanism for the transition from traditional TV to Internet TV. With the help of cloud computing, not only a tremendous speed can be achieved but also the entire family would be able to stay online at the same time and watch whatever they want. Rogers should send video content to the cloud server where data would be stored and the internet TV providers will access them and showing on request. The main advantage of this would be that the company will gain revenue from both the consumers and the Internet TV providers. This would not involve any significant equipment costs to the company. The company would not need to set and upgrade the servers it would be the Internet TV providing companies who will be doing it. The new revenue generation streams for Roger would be fee charged to the consumers for watching the content whereas the loss of revenue

The complexity of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

The complexity of Management - Essay ExampleIn this paper, the counsel clearly illustrates situations that identify existing complexities inwardly an constitution. Marketing versus explanation department In most instances, on that point is eer an ongoing clash between the accounting and marketing department. This is because of the meaning of accounting in an government activity seems to be broad (McSweeney, 1995). In order to understand this in detail, there is always a beloved reason to believe that each department has essential role or function to play in an organisation. In line with this, it is necessary that these specific functions have to be elaborately discussed in detail in order to find out why there is an ongoing complexity that exists within an organisation. A sales representative was having a hated argument with an accounting staff. The problem was actually within the bound of how they tried to time lag customer service. The salesperson was so aggressive about creating a sale with the customer and he was always ready to shortcut the process just to be able to close the deal. However, the accounting staff silent her function clearly well. In new(prenominal) words, she was so aggressive about the implementation of what has been agreed within their department. As a result, there was a strong clash of personal interests of each department that went on between the accounting staff and salesperson. ... In other words, some rules employed by the company whitethorn be altered just to be able to prioritise what is deemed important for the achievement of the ultimate address of the company. The ultimate goal is to have excellent financial performance that will enable the company to conserve operation. However, there may be always a compromise in the process. The accounting department is much(prenominal) a complex component of an organisation because it primarily involves finances in general. It involves the general role of an organisation to handle every necessary aspect in financial activities that will make the entire hunt down of the organisation run smoothly. For instance, cash flow is important and even return of investment is necessary in order that the operation will continue to have powerful performance. These activities argon necessary and they are handled by the accounting department in general. However, their tasks have specific goals and objectives that in the process will run against the objectives of other departments. For instance, the sales department is there to help the accounting department reach the objective in obtaining healthy cash flow. The sales department is there in order to help the company reach its well(p) potential in obtaining high return of investment that the bottom line is to have a positive(p) healthy cash flow. However, this does not run smoothly as always as it might be expected. There are some specific concerns. For instance, the company may declare terms and conditions of paym ents. Some customers may ask about longer terms especially when they are trying to place high orders that are far from what is expected. Some companies may not have looked on this in advance but the accounting department may be strict about its

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environmental Toxicology. Oil Spills - Essay ExampleThe catastrophe instantly hit the dwellers of neighboring regions as about 6000 metric tons of oil were observed along the beaches in Mexico and even the United States, and the rest of the oil sank to the bottom of the Gulf. It resulted in a drastic reduction (up to 70 percent) of amount of fish as was label by the locals (Arne, 1981). This predictably had an impact on economical liveness of the region as most of the dwellers earned their living by fishing.Miglierini (2010) in his article claims that a proceeds of factors decreased harmful consequences substantially. Among them it is possible to name high sea temperatures, which contributed to faster oil diffusion, and the flows in the soften of the sea. Nevertheless, the long-term effects of the oil spill can still be witnessed in Mexico. According to Arne (1981), the blood line of flora and fauna in the tidal zone was marked by reduction of certain species of channelize and fish as well as extinction of several species of algae, sea grasses, and corals. Due to its chemical perniciousness (in the vicinity of the well) and through its physical properties (stickiness) the oil from the Ixtoc I blow-out acutely affected the species by changing their distinctive properties in the Campeche Bay area. Even after three decades the remnants of the oil spill linger in pissing an on land it is possible to find tar mats (almost the same materials as the asphalt on the highways) among the reefs. contempt scientific evidence, dwellers of the area are persuaded that strange black formations of coagulated oil noticed along the sea-coast are the heritage of the catastrophe on Ixtoc I (Miglierini, 2010). Moreover, the most unpleasant evidence were contamination of endure and sandy bays which resulted in decrease in reproduction of certain species of fish and birds.Nevertheless, few decades later the scientists marked the populations of endangered species

Lacoste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lacoste - Essay ExampleThe oscilloscope is filled with clouds, portraying the harmony between the products and the brands claim of comfortable clothes and shoes.The advertisement is well designed in terms of not showing any gender biases, it clearly shows men and women both eroding the brand and enjoying the experience. Hence, it is directed towards both male and female populations a analogous. The ad does not have any isolated messages about not getting old or not looking cool if you do not wear the brand etc. The only message that it tries to convey is the lifestyle and the comfort one gets from wearing away Lacoste. It tries to convince bulk that wearing the brand will make them feel fresh, confident and energetic.The ad strategy shows a slice of life lifestyle with young energetic people having fun and enjoying life as if they have been rejuvenated by fresh air. The brand has established itself as one of the high end brands in the apparel industry and its iconic green croco dile is a sign of quality, comfort and a fun lovely lifestyle.The ad when compared to other brands such as Dsquared2, does well in terms of showing gender biases. Dsquared2 shows a man sitting on the floor and wearing a suit. Thus, Lacoste ensures that it targets both its markets equally while Dsquared2 focuses on men. As a result there are no two variances of the same advertisement. Furthermore, Dsquared2 ad shows a calm and serious lifestyle with a formal setting while Lacoste shows trendy, outgoing and fun winsome people.The ad however has obvious hints of racism, as all five models shown are of white decent. When compared to other brands like United Colors of Benetton, who specifically show people of all races and types wearing the brand in the ad, Lacoste performs poorly. another(prenominal) criticism that brand has faced is it that even if it enters foreign markets like India etc where there are colored people it

Marketing Orientation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

marketplaceing Orientation - Essay drillBoth the methods argon commonly employed. In this paper, we will employ the Narver and Slater methods to establish the scale for marketplace orientation. Though both the said scales throw their own advantages and disadvantages, the Narver and Slater scale has specific specialties to match the inescapably of a large organization. In the course of the study, the method will be employed for studying the McDonalds restaurant chain which is very common and the questionnaire suggested by Narver and Slater was used to check the market orientation of this conjunction. grocery store orientation of a firm has been found to have a strong and positive link with the accomplishment of the society by a number of researchers (Matsuno, Mentzer and Ozsomer, 2002). There are also other research outcomes which are not in favor of such positive link (Han, Kim and Srivastava, 1998). A similar study of the like nature on humbled sized companies and retaile rs indicate that the retailers are more node oriented compared to the small companies. Overall, though there are disputable claims on the market orientation on the performance of the company and the extent to which they are related, the counter claims do no augur well with the results that have been obtained in the field of operation over a period of time. With a large economic growth and integration over the withstand decade, the effectiveness of the market orientation has been more pronounced on the performance of the company. Therefore, a number of methods have been evolved in order to measure the market orientation and to correlate performance vis--vis market orientation.Measuring Market OrientationMarket orientation is measured using a number of methods. The works of Deshpande (1993) and that of Wrenn (1997) have helped in evolving a framework for the purpose. Market orientation, according to Narver and Slater (1990), comprises of three dimensions, viz., customer orientation , competitor orientation and inter-functional coordination. date the suggestion of Kohli and Jarowski on Market orientation looked at a complete process of the company and the blow of market orientation on the intact process. If the impact on every one of the processes is gauged then the selfsame(prenominal) can be the metric for market orientation.The method suggested by Narver and Slater has been adopted in this paper. This divides the entire framework of measurement into three dimensions. A questionnaire has been suggested by the researchers that comprises of fourteen different questions primarily grouped under the three heads already cited. The method employs a seven factor scale that will help in judging the size of the orientation by summing the response for every one of the identified factors. This works as a perception of the person on the specific factor and the companys orientation as viewed by the customer or the employ or the vendor. This provides for a 360 degree r ating of the company in the prescribed matter. pattern Organization and its market orientationThe organization taken into consideration is the McDonalds, the restaurant chain in the US and the World. McDonalds has changed its approach to the market and its market orientation is pretty high particularly, because of its service oriented nature. This has made the company respond to the needs of the clients much more swiftly than some of the other companies that are not

Exam question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam question - Essay ExampleFurthermore, afield empires were created for the sake of prestige since during this stoppage most of the main European powers rivaled star another on the continent. The main European powers, such as Britain, France, Spain and the Netherlands, as a result of their rivalry on the European continent, sought to show their superiority overseas and this is the reason why such nations as Spain developed huge empires in the Americas and in Asia.Anti-Semitism had a long history in Europe and it had developed over the centuries to become one of the bases upon which most of the views concerning Jews in European society were made. The Dreyfus Affair was one of the most blatant shows of anti-Semitism to be displayed in ordinal century Europe and this is mainly because of the fact that most of the accusations made against Dreyfus were false. The Dreyfus Affair was mainly driven by the feelings of humiliation that France still felt over the loss of Alsace and Lorrai ne to Germany in 1871 and it is for this reason that Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish military officer in the French Army, came to serve as a useful scapegoat. One of the main reasons for the development of the accusations of imposition against him was because he was a Jew from Alsace and his Jewishness alone made him a culprit in the eyes of the law and the state. The smell that Jews were a treacherous people made it people for a significant part of the French globe to believe the accusations against him.Many European nations can be blamed for the occurrence of World War I and this is because of their tendency several years before the war to form alliances which were based on protecting one another from attacks from countries which were not members of their alliances. For instance, Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple Entente and this was an alliance based on mutual defense so that if any of the countries named above was attacked, the other

Macroeconomics Keynesian and Classical Model Essay

Macroeconomics Keynesian and Classical Model - Essay ExampleGiven to a lower place is the diagram showing a horizontal aggregate supply curve in Keynesian Model.If at that place is a decrease in income, the reasons are assigned to decrease in government spending, cast up in taxes or decrease in money supply and so on. The change in income leads to changes in a number of things out of which fall in demand is one of them. Aggregate demand depends on veridical money supply. The real money supply is the value of money provided by the central bank and the banking system. If we pen the number of dollars in the money supply as M and the price aim as P, we can write the real money supply as M/P. When M/P falls, interest rates increase and therefore the enthronisation falls, leading boilers suit aggregate demand to fall as well. When there is a fall in demand we need less output to cater the trade, this is another reason for fall in investment, and an increase in unemployment as we ll. This was a briefing of how things would change with a decrease in income. The below devoted diagram shows AD as the aggregate demand before the reduction in income with E as the equilibrium. Once the demand decreases due to above-mentioned reasons another line AD is formed showing the current level of demand at the given price level. ... Now consider how wages adjust when the demand for advertize decreases and firms do not need any over times. In the short run when the demand decreases workers are being paid more as compared to the output produced. The employer would want to reduce the wage expense. Change in wages is a slow process hence the employer will have to look for an alternative same looking for those employees who would be willing to work at a lower wage. This would increase some of unemployment. The employer has to be very careful in setting the wage through negotiations with the employee to consider the morale of the employee. If there is an overall decrease in de mand then hiring new labor force may not be difficult, but if only one employers demand of output has decreased then the employer may have to grant higher wage in order to keep the employees attracted to their current job.The Keynesian theory believes that, the employment offered by firms depends on the demand for their output, workers would be unemployed if the output produced exceeds the demand of the products excessively. Which would mean too much of spare labor force. As such, demand-deficient unemployment is not caused by labor insisting on a wage discrepant with full employment. Since that unemployment is not the fault of the workers, but is due to factors beyond their control, it may be termed involuntary unemployment.Labor market is not depended on the rate of real wages but infact on the quantity of output required. so wage does not have much to do with unemployment.When the aggregate expenditure equals to AD, the equilibrium level of income is formal at Y, which happe ns to be lower than Yf (full employment). Referring to the production function diagram sector (b) we see

Is there international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Is there planetaryist integrity - Essay ExampleThe vast organization that constitutes world-wide law includes an assortment of international traditions, formal contacts, pacts, consensus, and charters such as the United Nations Charter. The United Nations Charter has various codes of give or protocols, law courts and summaries of healthy retainments which include legal examples of previous decisions handed down by the internationalist Court of Justice. In the absence of a potent governing apparatus to enforce implementation of international law, international law is confined to the parameters where enforcement of international law is only possible when those in power agree to abide by the law (MacCormick 259). The underlying argument of this paper is whether there is international law which any country confides and abides to fully. Countries strike different governing systems, and they usually adhere to their own version of international law which might include both case laws and legislation in their country. The adherence to international laws includes practical implications, measures and legal redress. These principles are recognized as part of international procedure which are implemented as a courtesy and respect for the Charter of the United Nations. This Charter includes but is not limited to national and international laws for respecting human rights and the sovereignty of otherwise countries. They also include international laws regarding investments, offshore banking, tariffs, imports and exports, contracts, dumping and much more. However, to be recognized as a sovereign state, it is mandatory for a state to have its own political sympathies and defined territory (Wood 169). The sources such as international organization like the United Nations which are baffling in the international law making actes face difficulties in formulating and implementing international laws since this is a complicated process that has to take into considerati on any issues which that specific international law may produce. Determining the basis of international law will also include its claim to legal authority, its legality and rationalization and why should plenty be in compliance with such laws. The issue of origins is commonly addressed by international scholars by referring to the prescribed sources of international law, most specifically sources that are found in Article 38 of the 1945 planetary Court of Justice Statute treaty law and universal philosophy and ethics, supported by other reliable sources such as case laws written by renowned scholars. The legal philosophy advocated by Grotius is not written in the constitution, but refers to respect accorded to other sovereign states. This had become absolutely unavoidable during the early seventeenth century because there was no way of enforcing international law and the monarchies that had power or had seized power refused to adhere to or obey any law except their laws. All disa greements between states were colonised by the use of military force (Kammerhofe 88). Conventionally, the states have used established international law makers and have formulated laws that apply to specific issues within their own states and the same laws are applicable to other states and individuals equally. Consequently, there

United Farm Workers and Mexican Americans Essay Example for Free

unify Farm Workers and Mexican Americans EssayThe 1960s was a turbulent decade in the American history, filled with conflict over issues brought up by many different minority groups to change the conglomerate Civil Rights Movements. In this decade, the Chicano Movement started to gain a mass following and became a high-energy force of social change. Similar to blacks, Mexican Americans were plagued by police brutality, poverty, and inequality.In the pursuit of tackling these problems, the history of Chicanos in atomic number 20 consisted of the convergence of multiple movements A youth movement represented in the struggle against dissimilitude in initiates the farm workers movement and the movement for unruffledal empowerment, most notably in the formation of La Raza Unida Party1. The organizing efforts and achievements in California had major impact on the fate of Mexican Americans. Improvements in barrios, farm-labor camps, school districts and politic representation, led other states to sought reform.Education has long been a primary target of Mexican American activists and reformers. The Mexican American conjunction had the highest high school dropout rate and lowest college attendance amongst all ethnic groups. As a take of the constant underestimation of students as well as the failure to cargon facilities, a hostile learning environment was manifested. Their goals included bilingual, bicultural education, Latino teachers and administrators, smaller class sizes, better facilities and the change of the text books to incorporate Mexican American history.In turn, Chicano students and activists decided to make their struggle public in order to pressure school boards into compliance of their demands for education reforms. In March of 1968, thousands of students walked out of their high school in L. A. protesting racial inequality among their school district. Their effects were not wasted, as the school board know their efforts by recruiting and hiring more Chicano teachers and administrators2. Ultimately, this inspired high school protest across the res publica.College campuses similarly formed groups, the likes of the United Mexican American Students, with the purposes to enforce for more Chicano study programs, financial aid, and Mexican faculty. Activists fought for bilingual educational programs and in schools and won in 1976, their hard work created more than 50 Chicano studies program in colleges. 3 Changes were not immediately apparent in high schools however a significant change occurred in the college recruitment of Latinos and educational programs. Though most of the demands were not met, the walkouts unified and empowered the Chicano community, which in the process became a political force.Another focus of the Chicanos had been politics. Their goals encompassed the increase of Chicano candidates in the political arena, convincing non-Chicano candidates to commit themselves to the need of Mexican American c ommunity, conducting broad-scale voter registration and community organization drives, and for more Chicanos in presidential term offices. 4 kinda than representation within the two major political partiesdemocrat and republicactivists established an organization devote to their empowerment, the El Partido de la Raza Unida.Found in 1970 by Jose Angel Gutierrez and Mario Compean, the party became active in community organizing and electoral politics statewide, campaigned for better housing, work, and educational opportunities5. The changes they fought for was made possible by combining mass accomplishment firing of racist teachers, protecting high school student rights, and taking advantage of federal government monies they were entitled to, but was not utilized by the previous urban center government. Police polices were modified as well to benefit Chicano communities.The La Raza Unida Party leaders also worked to raise the wages of school and city workers to encourage joiniza tion6. Though La Raza Unida is no longer a registered political party in the United States, its legacy is electrostatic very much alive, affecting the lives of Mexican Americans today. One aspect of the Chicano movement highlighted the rights of the workers in the fields of California. In order to fight against harsh working conditions, low wages and discrimination of Mexican farm workers, the United Farmworkers Union Organizing Committee was established.Led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta, the UFWOC accomplished its greatest victory when their strikes, boycotts, confident(p) the largest table grape grower, John Guimara Sr. , to only hire workers represented by the union. Despite their victory, union leaders struggled to create a union to represent all agricultural workers As a result a three-month strike by grape workers in California began. Due to the efforts of Chavez and his union in 1975, California passed the Agricultural Labor Relations Act which guaranteed farm workers r ights to organize.71 Although seen as an accomplishment, more restrictions were placed on the actions of unions. Today, agricultural workers in California are still being exploited, working in poor conditions with petty(a) pay and limited representation. Chicanos in California have played no small role in the social, economic, and political development of California. Not only is California home to majority of the Mexican Americans population in the United States, but also it is the scene of Chicano cultural Renaissance and has contributed to Hispanic cultural renaissance in the United States.California has also been the home of Chicano publicationincluding magazines, newspapers, and scholarly journals. 7 Although much of the problems faced by Chicanos in the 20th century had been resolved through reforms during the Civil Rights Era, many Mexican Americans are still being marked by oppression and exploitation. Not only in the field, but industries as well. They are often found work ing at wage jobs and poor conditions. Over the next few decades, other social reforms for Mexican Americans can be expected.Almost six decades after it began, the Chicano Movement still holds a visible impact on California. As a result of activism in politics, education, and farm work, much of the blow faced by Chicanos in the early history of California have been resolved. The most prominent upshot of the Chicano Movement are still within academia, with the formation of numerous student centers at college campuses across the nation that aims to students of color as well as the establishment of Chicano Studies Departments and so on.The Literary and art movements of the 1970s also left an enduring mark on the Chicano community. The impact of Chicanos in California gave rise to countless Chicano communities where no(prenominal) existed before. Although activists today are still working on the struggles faced by Chicanos today in various fields, such as farm work, their movement in the 1960s has surely impacted California social, economic and political standing.

Nowhere Without A Mentor Essay Example for Free

Nowhere Without A mentor EssayAs the journey called life unfolds, imagine what unrivalled would be without mentors. Mentor is a timid word used to describe a person who helps other, who is trusted by another, who is a counselor to another, that most of all is someone who influences another. With no mentors or guides the title character in the novel Siddhartha by Herman Hesse, would not have found self. The three characters that have the greatest influence on Siddhartha are Gotama Buddha, Kamala and Vasudeva. From Gotama Buddha, Siddhartha realizes he would rather walk his own path than follow anothers. After pursuing Buddhas followings with his companion Govinda, Siddhartha has a apocalypse while he is conversing with Gotama. That is why I am going on my way- not to seek another and better doctrine, for I know there is none, but to leave all doctrines and all teachers and to reach my coating alone- or die (34). This quote shows how Gotama has influenced Siddhartha to see k Self unaccompanied, marking a significant turning get in Siddharthas journey. Subsequent to Siddharthas encounter with Buddha, he meets a beautiful woman named Kamala who drastically changes him. The author of Siddhartha explains in detail how the title character slowly takes on characteristics of average citizens while living with Kamala.Gradually, along with his maturement riches, Siddhartha himself acquired some of the characteristics of the ordinary community, some of their childishness and some of their anxiety(77). At this point in the novel, Siddhartha begins to be repel with himself, and recognizes that life with Kamala is not the place he should be in to understand peace. Shortly after he apprehends this, Siddhartha leaves Kamala only to find a peaceful Ferryman, named Vasudeva who introduces Siddhartha to a river. In the following quote, Vasudeva explains to Siddhartha the power of the river that they live by. The river knows everything one can learn everything from it(105). This quote shows how Vasudeva introduced Siddhartha to the river that led him to find peace.After Siddharthas long journey and his encounters with many people who influence him, he finds peace within himself. The three characters that havethe greatest influence on Siddhartha are Gotama Buddha, Kamala and Vasudeva. Gotama Buddha helps Siddhartha realize that peace is found without teachers, Kamala changes Siddhartha into an ordinary citizen and Vasudeva introduces Siddhartha to a river that leads him to find peace. Although Siddhartha has much help during his journey to find peace, his own strong will is the deciding factor in him reaching his goal.

Charles Beard Essay Example for Free

Charles Beard tryCharles Beards book, An Economic Interpretation of the U.S. validation, was published in 1913 and soon became one of the most disputed literary works of its time. Beards main thesis in this book is essentially that the substructure Fathers chose the specific format of the Constitution of the United States to protect their personal monetary interests. Beard then goes on to argue that the Constitution was written by an elite attempting to safeguard their own assets and financial status. Beard was expanding on Carl L. Beckers thesis of class conflict. In the eyes of Beard, the Constitution was created by the Founding Fathers as a counter revolution that ran against the wishes of farmers and laborers.Beards theory and his publication of this book were so controversial because it seemed to put down the Constitution and everything it stood for, which angered politicians and most of the legal community, at least those who didnt ignore it completely. However, hom osexualy historians and account statement professors seemed to recognize it and accept it. Many people were angered by Beards theory because, since it disparaged the Constitution and Founding Fathers, it seemed to put down almost everything our country stands for. Taking a sacred piece of account statement that started our nation and trampling on it by saying that it was nonhing more than rich men stressful to save their bank accounts and put down the common man is bound to upset more than comely a few people.One of Beards main critics of the 20th century is a man named Forrest McDonald. McDonald uses his study of the voting habits and financial and economic concerns of the delegates at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia to prove that their motives were not financial-based. He asserts that the majority of the delegates who had public securities were Antifederalists. He concludes his study by saying, Anyone wishing to rewrite the history of those transactions largely or exclusively in terms of the economic interests represented there would find the facts to be insurmountable obstacles. What McDonald means by this is that Beard, who was attempting to rewrite the history of the proceedings of theConstitutional Convention, was doing so without any actual evidence and therefore had an empty argument.I believe that Beards thesis, although an interesting notion, was not needs a valid argument and did nothing except anger most people in the governmental community. Even though many people in the late 20th century accepted his thesis, I disagree with it. My reasoning for this is that, although the Founding Fathers were economically prosperous, I believe that their status made them the only ones that could be able to write the Constitution and who were in a position to make the most crucial moves in establishing the United States. I do not believe that the Founding Fathers created the Constitution simply protect their financial status, I believe their status was the reason they could write the Constitution.

Introduction to China Essay Example for Free

gate to China EssayIntroduMing emperor Yung-lo and commander in chief of the Chinese expeditionary fleet to the mho Seas in the early years of the 15th century. Born into a family named Ma, presumably of Mongol- Arab origin, In central Yunnan Province, Cheng Ho was selected to be castrated by the general In charge of recruiting eunuchs for the court In 1381, when he was virtually 10. Assigned to the retinue of Chu Tl, who later became emperor, Cheng accompanied him on military campaigns, culminating in the usurpation of the throne by Chu Ti in 402. Ma Ho proved himself to be an exceptional servant to Prince Zhu Di. He became ball-hawking in the arts of war and diplomacy and served as an officer of the prince. Zhu Di renamed Ma Ho as Cheng Ho beca expend the eunuchs horse was killed in battle outside of a send called Zhenglunba. (Cheng Ho is also Zheng He in the newer Pinyin transliteration of Chinese and hes still most commonly called Cheng Ho). Cheng Ho was also known as S an Bao which core three Jewels. Cheng Ho, who was said to have been seven feet tall, was given greater power when Zhu Di became emperor in 402. wholeness year later, Zhu Di appointed Cheng Ho admiral and ordered him to oversee the construction of a Treasure waver to explore the seas surrounding China. Admiral Cheng Ho was the first eunuch appointed to much(prenominal) a in high spirits military position In China. Because of a report that the former emperor Hul-tl had fled afield, but probably with new(prenominal)(a) good reasons, such as promoting Chinese influence or mint opportunities, Yunglo sent out expealtlons overseas unaer cnengs command.In a perloa 0T 2 years, from 1405 to 1433, Cheng directed seven expeditions and visited no fewer than 7 countries, stretching from Champa in the east to the African coast in the west. In preparation for these expeditions, some 1,180 ships of various types and measurements were constructed. The size of the fleet varied from journey to voyage. The first expedition consisted of a 27,800-man crew and 62 large vessels and 255 smaller ones carrying cargoes of silk, embroideries, and other valuable products.Cheng took personal command of each voyage, but he often entrusted his lieutenants to undertake side trips away from the main itinerary. The countries visited ranged rom the nearby states, such as Champa, Sumatra, and Java, to the faraway lands to the East, including Arabia and places on the east African coast, such as Mogadishu and Brawa. The purpose of these trips was to assure foreigners of Chinas friendliness, extend imperial gifts and greetings to the chiefs of the foreign kingdoms, and report the conditions of these distant lands to the court. simply at the same time, Chengs fleet also managed to annihilate a powerful Chinese pirate, interfere in a Javanese war, and reinstate a legitimate ruler in Ceylon. Yielding loads f exotic native products, the expeditions were often followed by tribute-bearing envoys from across the sea. Nonetheless, these voyages were criticized by Chinese officials as useless and inefficient of resources. After Yunglos death in 1424, the expeditions were suspended, and Cheng was made a garrison commander of Nanking.The last voyage (1432-1433) took place under the auspices of Emperor Hs?an-te. Cheng is customarily said to have died in 1435/1436, at the age of 65, but one source holds that he died early in 1433. Chengs expeditions, undertaken almost century before those of Christopher Columbus and Vasco de Gama, non only strengthened Chinas influence over its neighbors but also marked a unique performance in the history of maritime enterprise. A navigational chart attributable to the expeditions has been preserved and translated into English.First voyage (1405-1407) The first Treasure Fleet consisted of 62 ships four were huge wood boats, some of the largest ever built in history. They were approximately 400 feet (122 meters) long and 160 feet (50 meters) w ide. The four were the flagships of the fleet of 62 ships assembled at Nanjing along the Yangtze (Chang) River. Included in the fleet were 339-foot (103-meter) long horse ships that carried nothing but horses, water ships that carried fresh water for the crew, troop transports, supply ships, and war ships for offensive and defensive needs.The ships were filled with thousands of tons of Chinese goods to trade with others during the voyage. In the fall of 1405 the fleet was ready to embark with 27,800 men. The fleet utilized the compass, invented in China in the 1 lth century, for navigation. Graduated sticks of incense were burned to measure time. One day was equal to 10 watches of 2. 4 hours each. Chinese navigators determine latitude through monitoring the North Star (Polaris) in the Northern Hemisphere or the Southern Cross in the Southern Hemisphere.The ships of the Treasure Fleet communicated with one another through the use of flags, lanterns, bells, carrier pigeons, gongs, an d banners. The destination of the first voyage of the Treasure Fleet was Calicut, known as a major(ip) trading center on the southwestern coast of India. India was initially discovered by Chinese overland explorer Hsuan- sang In tne seventn century. I ne meet stopped In Vietnam, Java, ana Malacca, ana hen headed west across the Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka and Calicut and Cochin (cities on the southwest coast of India).They remained in India to barter and trade from late 1406 to the spring of 1407 when they utilized the monsoon shift to sail toward home. On the return voyage, the Treasure Fleet was labored to battle pirates near Sumatra for several months. Eventually Cheng Hos men managed to capture the pirate leader and take him to the Chinese capital Nanjing, arriving in 1407. second voyage (1407-1409) A second voyage of the Treasure Fleet kaput(p) on a return trip to India in 1407 but Cheng Ho did not command this voyage. He remained in China to oversee the repair of a temple at t he birthplace of a favourite(a) goddess.

Dance Elements Essay Example for Free

Dance Elements EssayLiteral importee of the word kathak is related to katha, the art of account statement-telling, Katha Kahe So Kathaka Kahave, which means one who tells a story is a story-teller. correspond to M. Monier Williams, Katha denotes conversation, story, speech, tale or fable. Katha also means to sing in praise, to say or protest something. Thus, kathakars were origin eachy a caste of story-tellers who were attached to temples in certain personas of Northern India.These kathakars used to go around the countryside narrating the stories of the Epics and other Legends. The modes employed were poetry, medical specialty and dance. All these three arts were closely inter-linked. The aim of kathaks was to rail the people in the knowledge of Gods and Mythological Legends. Historic entirelyy kathak dates back to the Vedic period which argon adept of descriptions and stories which give us an insight into the mind of those who wrote or composed jthem. Kathak dance is ev olved from religious and mythological concepts.In Ramayana period, we can see many glimpses of music and dance. The Ramayana tells the story of an ideal heroic prince Rama of Ayodhya and his devoted wife Sita. This superannuated tale has been treasured and retold for countless generation in every Hindu house they worshipped Rama as the seventh incarnation of Lord Vishnu. In Ramayana we find a mention of recitors who were specialised in story-telling. Lava and Kusha, the devil brave sons of Rama rendered Ramayana in verses composed by Sage Valmiki. While reciting the stories, they also added the element of acting-Abhinaya.From that time erratic bards who narrated the Ramayana were known as Kushilavas. As a matter of fact, the term kushilavas has been associated with dancers and actors. Likewise, many mythological stories were depicted done gestures, postures and abhinaya. The another story of Ramayana which tells us that how Ravana, the king of Lanka worshipped Lord shibah with song and dance. Also the story of Ravana assaulting Rambha, one of the main Apsaras. match to Kapila Vatsyayan, in Ramayana, the Apsaras be the most grand mythological characters who danced and performed both in heaven and earth.There are mixed other instances like the stories of the grand act of breaking Shivas bow in Sita Swayamvar, the evil plotting of Kaikayee, the Banishment of Rama to a fourteen-year exile, Sitas kidnapping by Ravana and the war that ensued leading to Ramas victory and Sitas rescue. Thus, Ramayana is rich in incident and moral concept. We come crossways many references to perfomances of dances from the Mahabharata. In this period, worship and adoration of Bramha, Vishnu and Mahesh started with music and dance.Krishna is the Sutradhara (around whom the entire Mahabharata developed) and he was an expert dancer. The Mahabharata depicts chronological successions of Krishnas life story that how he is adopted and raised by a family of cowherds. The stories o f his childhood of stealing butter and milkmaids known as MakhanChori. His dance of his youth with Radha and Braj narees is known as Rasa Lila. His spiritual love dance with Gopis or Milkmaids by the verify of Yamuna river in moonlit night is known as MahaRaas. The story of Kaliya Daman which tells us how Krishna defeated the poisonous serpent Kaliya and danced on his hoods.The story of Govardhan Dharan which tells us how krishna picked and hold the Govardhan mountain to protect the people of Vrindavan from heavy rain. Another important episode of Mahabharata is known as Vastraharan, in which Krishna saves the honour of the Pandava Queen Draupadi. The story goes that Dushasana, one of the Kaurava brothers attempted to humilate her by disrobing her. Draupadi called out to Krishna to save her and miraculously, as layer after layer of her saree was pulled, the number of sarees went on increasing. This episode is a popular theme in Kathak dance.Mahabharata also depicts the story of t he five Pandava brothers who were unjustly deprived of their landed estate by their cousins, the kauravas, and of the great battle of Kurukshetra that conventional the victory of the Pandavas after much suffering and bloodshed. The Mahabharata also describes Krishnas role as the Charioteer of Arjuna during the battle of Kurukshetra, and his conversation on the battlefield constitutes the text of the Bhagavad-Gita, the celebrated philosophical work. Thus, it is distinct that by the time of Mahabharata, the arts of music and dance developed sufficient content, form, style to be taught in a systematic order.The training also seems to be elaborate with rules and regulations. Natyashastra is an encyclopedic work having 36 chapters and it deals with unhomogeneous topics such as the first 3 chapters deal with the origin of Natya, construction of theatre, Rangapooja, etc. , 4th and fifth chapters deal with the varieties of Dance. The 6th and 7th deal with Rasa and Bhava. From the 8th cha pter of the 15th one, the different poses of Dance are organism dealt with. The different aspects of Abhinaya are described in 15 to 22 and from 22nd to twenty-eighth describe the costumes elaborately.The chapters from 28th to 34 deal with music and musical instruments and the last 2 deal with the different characters and costumes. Natyashastra also describes the ecclesiastic character and dance of the Nataraja, the spring Lord Shiva who is considered the king of actors and dancers and also the supreme Lord of Dance. The moon which he adorns in his head is the symbol complete control of his senses. The serpents wound around his body is the confirmation of his complete control over vital life forces. His foot raised high over the hard demon, a symbol of victory over the ego.This divine art form is performed by Shiva and his wife Goddess Parvati. The Dance performed Lord Shiva is known as Tandava, which depicts his violent nature as the destructor of the Universe. The Dance perfo rmed by Goddess Parvati is known as Lasya, in which the movements are gentle, graceful, erotic and it is also called the feminine version of Tandava. Therefore, according to Kapila Vatsyayan, Bharata attributes to dancing a divine origin, a literary and religious hereditary pattern both in thought and proficiency and aesthetic secular purpose.It has also been mentioned in Natyashastra, how to interpret the different moods of man accompanied by Bhava, Raga and Tal all directed to create rasa or emotion in the spectators who are called Rasikaas. From the 7th and 8th century, Sangeet occupied a prominent place in the society. The art of sculptures also made great strides and most of the sculptures depicted various dance poses. Temples were the places of origin whereas the dancers or the priests danced in praise of the Lord enacting various mythological stories. Temples sprang up where the devotees self-possessed to pray to the Almighty God or hear stories about Him.The Temple connec tion is sanitary established as can be seen in the art of Kathavachakas who carry on the tradition to this day in the North in the Temple boundaries and in open spaces. With the passage of time, in the medieval period, the Bhakti movement influenced all over India. The vast spiritual empire established by Vaishnavism in the North embraces life in its totality. The fine arts found a fuller expression by the 15th and the 16th centuries A. D. Literature, music, dance, photograph and other fine arts flourished with the patronage extended by the temples, priests and devotees.In particular the Rasa Lilas in Braj and the neighbouring areas of Mathura in the North sustained the tradition that centered round Vishnu and his recognization as Krishna. The Bhakti movement inspired a satisfying new school of poetry, dance and music. Krishna and radha are the presiding deities of Vaishnavism and it was on the basis of Leelas of Krishna that precious and distinctive art heritage of Vaishnavism w as built up. Mirabai, Surdas and Tulsidas for e. g. wrote powerful devotional verses on longing and separation, expressing the yearning of the human soul for union with God.They chosen the themes was the love of radha for krishna. Krishna Leela though brought out in high relief by Vaishnavism but it had its origin in the past and it can be traced easily to the periods of Mahabharata and Bhasa. In Braj, the Rasa lilas developed as a combination of music, dance and narration that was used to enact the Krishna Legends especially the Radha-Krishna idea and stories of Krishnas youth with the gopis or milkmaids. Hence, the earliest compositions in kathak were based on the religious and stylised music of North India, notably the Dhrupad, Keertan, Hori, Dhamar, Pad and Bhajan.According to Mohan Khokar, Keertans are similar style to dhrupad, but they may, unlike the latter, also be sung in chorus. Keertan is a spiritual practice belonging to the path of Bhakti (devotion). Keertan more sp ecifically means the chanting of sacred sounds or mantras. The Rasa Lila miracle plays of Braj were formerly staged to the accompaniment of keertan music only. Keertans were meant both for singing and dancing. Whereas Bhajans are strictly devotional songs and are in praise of deities such as Krishna, Shiva, Rama, Ganesha, Durga, etc.The songs are rendered in ragas, but improvised tunes are also freely used. Stories and episodes from scriptures, the teachings of saints and description of Gods have all been the subject of Bhajan. Bhajans of Mirabai, Tulsidas, Surdas, Kabir, the Ashtachhap poets and other composers are a part of kathak repertoire. Some of the Famous Bhajans of Mirabai is the following Baso more nanun mein nandlal, Mor mukut makrakrit kundal, arun tilak diyo bhal, Mohni murat saavari surat, naina bane bisaal, Adhar sudha ras murli rajat, ur baijanti maal.Chhudra ghantika kati tat sobhit, nupur sabad rasaal, Mira prabhu santan sukhdai, bhagat bachhal gopal With the ad vent of the Mughals, the Hindustani music underwent a drastic change. The stylised music absorbed the Mughal influence in a remarkable manner. The dancers travel from the temple courtyard to the palace dubar and this necessitated changes in presentation as Muslim kings could not enjoy the bhava of Bhakti Rasa. Kathak real encouragement at the hands of nawabs and Rajas. Whereas formerly it was religious and devotional in mood and temperament, now it morose into a means of entertainment.The forms like Thumri, Dadra, Ghazal evolved and became a part of the Hindustani music. The word Thumri has been derived from a combination of two terms i. e. thumak (or the chaal) and rijhana (or to please). Thus, together meaning graceful stamping of the foot. Thumri is a verse that has Krishna and Radha or Krishna and Gopis as its cardinal theme. It is essentially based on the divine romance portraying both aspects of separation and union. The last Nawab of Oudh, Wajid Ali Shah was an accomplishe d dancer and musician. He composed thumries in classical style and these were sung by the kathak dancers.His coevals and the court musicians like Kadarpiya, Akhtar Piya, Lallan Piya, Sikandar Piya and others contributed to its popularity. Although he was a muslim, he liked the Radha-Krishna themes. He himself presented a dance on the Rasa Lila which he called Rahas. His famous thumries are the following Babul mora nehar chhuto jaye, Chaar kahar mil, doliya uthave, Apna begana chhuto jaye. Another Thumri poking chod chale lucknow nagri, Tab hale ali par kya guzri, Mahal mahal mein begum rove, Jab hum guzre duniya guzri. According to PeterLamarche Manuel, Bindadin Maharaj is regarded as one of the most important figures in the development of Thumri as well as Kathak. The kathak Masters Bindadin and his brother Kalka Prasad composed Thumries that were suitable for kathak dancing. Some of the famous Thumri of Bindadin Maharaj is the following Mohe chhedo na, nand ki suno challa, Badi der bhai, ghar jane de mohe.

Organisation on learning Essay Example for Free

government on learning EssayBackground Previous research signals that the validation of information is integral to its repositing in and recall from memory. Aim Differences with regard to the use of categorisation of information nurture been observed amid cultures and age groups, so the aim is to find out the degree to which categorisation affects the learning of information in 16-18 year olds. Method 20 participants aged 16-18 had 60 seconds to learn as many dustup as they could from a grid containing 24 rallying crys. The grid contained 6 voice communication in 4 different semantic categories and was either categorised (control) or randomised (experimental). Participants then recalled as many of the words as they could. The come in of words that they recalled was observed. Results The difference in the number of words ringed between the two conditions was gear up to be unimportant when put to the independent t-test and tested at the 0.05 level. In fact, participant s in Condition B (randomised) recalled more words on average than those in Condition A (organised). However, participants in Condition B showed 68.83% categorisation upon recall, compared with 0.5% that would have been shown if participants recalled the words in the order that they appeared on the radomised grid.Conclusion The results suggest that the degree of organisation of information upon origination does non affect the amount of information remembered. However, the actual process of mentally organising the information may be a significant factor in the amount of information remembered. Individual differences may affect the mien the information is organised, nonwithstanding this study found that categorical organisation was the most common form of this. openingMuch evidence suggests that information in memory is highly organised, and that we remember large amounts of information by associating it with other similar pieces of information already stored. It may hitherto be that the organisation of information is a prerequisite for information to be stored for example, Mandler (1967) stated that memory and organization are non moreover correlated, but organization is a necessary condition for memory. From this viewpoint, it follows that, by definition, any information stored in the memory moldiness be organised somehow. It may also be that the organisation of information upon show facilitates its storage, and that if information is not organised, people will attempt to create their own methods of organisation (Tulving, 1968).Categorical clustering is a frontier coined by Bousfield (1953) in order to describe one type of organisation in learning. In his research, he presented participants with a list of 60 words (15 from 4 different categories animals, anthroponyms, professions and vegetables) and asked participants to free-recall the list. He found that, despite not having been told what the categories were, participants tended to recall the words according to their category and thus demonstrated the phenomenon.Bower et al. (1969) presented participants with words which were arranged into abstract hierarchies. For one group, these were arranged in hierarchical form, and for the other they were listed randomly. The participants who were presented with the words in hierarchical form recalled nearly 31/2 times as many words as those to whom they were presented randomly, suggesting that the organisation of the words upon founding facilitated their storage in memory.A similar trait has also been observed with naturally occurring stimuli. Rubin and Olson (1980) asked students to recall the call of as many members of staff in their school as they could, and found that students showed a strong endeavor for the members of staffs cooks to be recalled by their respective departments. This also shows evidence for categorical organisation. They further found that students who re-arranged word cards into more categories remembered mo re words on average than those who created less categories, and that those who were not told to actively remember the words, instead just sort them, remembered the same amount as those asked to remember them. These indicate that not only does categorisation increase the amount of information remembered, but the active process of organisation may even cause the information to be remembered.More support that organisation and learning are intertwined comes from Kahana and Wingfield (2000), who found that the analogy between organisation and learning remained the same even after significant differences between participants mnemonic abilities had been interpreted into account.One case study which suggests that memory is highly organised comes from Hart et al. (1985). Having almost made a complete recovery from a stroke two years previously, M.D. experienced no problems except that he was unable to name different types of fruit and vegetable or sort them into categories. However, he was able to name and sort types of food, for example, and vehicles, which suggests that his inability to carry out these tasks was limited to specific semantic categories.AimsThe findings of this previous research suggest that organisation does play a large role in the storage, structuring and restructuring of information in memory. However, organisation does not necessarily imply categorisation, which is what will be tested here. Also, in a similar way that Gutchess et al. (2006) found that age and culture affected the way in which categorisation was used in memory, it may be that young people in turn use it differently.So, the following experiment aims to investigate the effects of organisation on learning in 16-18 year-olds. More specifically, it will investigate the degree to which organisation of information upon presentation affects the storage and recall of words presented in a randomised grid. Following on from research by Bower et al. (1969) and Rubin and Olson (1980), two hypo theses have been drawnExperimental hypothesisParticipants will recall, on average, fewer words when the words given are listed randomly, than will the participants for whom the words are listed categorically.

The Truman Show Essay Example for Free

The Truman Show EssayLifes remorseless nature presents uncontrollable situations to everyone at the most unexpected times. Like any game of cards, career deals a set of cards that a player is forced to play. This is knget as agency the image that each human individual within a culture has the ability to determine and choose by free will his or her actions. Some prime examples that shine this principle is Viktor Frankls military mans Search for Meaning, Albert Camus, The Guest, Franz Kafkas, The Metamorphosis, and Christofs film, The Truman show. In each example, a third party advocate interferes and inhabits each protagonist into a controlled setting where the protagonists are confronted with a moral dilemma. In Frankls, Mans Search for Meaning, the dealer inhabits Frankl in the concentration camp of Auschwitz. Unlike the other protagonists, Frankl possesses a psychological background and uses his k instantaneouslyledge to a great advantage. Frankl is able to analyze his bru tal experiences in the camps to get out somewhat of a guide for those who are having trouble finding meaning in their merrys even in the harshest environments.Like all the other protagonists Frankl is given a moral dilemma whether he should dwell and stand from electric fence syndrome or make something out of his experience and give inspiration to those who are in need. The central direction that Frankl was trying to reach to the readers was that no matter what type of suffering a somebody endures, as long as they hold onto their faith that everything happens for a reason, they can survive. By believing that everything happens for a reason, individuals are able to weather the storms of their lives with the strength and determination to overcome.For Frankl, he was able to weather his journey by living by his word and believing that he had a future after his captivity. Camus story, The Guest, is roughly choices. Daru, the schoolmaster, is an isolated man, who lives in a schoolhou se on a high plateau and he trunk alone because his students no longer attend class. He lives in the schoolhouse away from civilization which shows that he is isolated geographically and emotionally. One day, Balducci the officer, arrives with a prisoner and he forces Daru to take responsibility for him. The prisoner moldiness be brought to the police headquarters in Tinguit.Daru is surprised by the orders and tells Balducci that this task should non be through with(p) by a school teacher. He does non want to be involved with the political conflict, which is why the setting of the isolated schoolhouse is so symbolic. The setting of the story is important since it is during the Algerian war and Balducci tells the schoolteacher that he must follow the orders even if it is not his job, because during war times, everybody must participate. Daru is disgusted by the demands and tells him that he will not obey the orders given to him.By refusing to follow the orders, Daru is making cho ices that most people would not usually take. People tend to obey authority and do what they are told. In this story, Daru examines mans moral responsibilities and believes it is wrong to turn the prisoner over to the authorities, however he realizes that going against the orders might also cause him troubles. So, he avoids making a decision by leaving the prisoner the responsibility for choosing his suffer way to turn himself in or to take the path of freedom. No matter what he chooses, at that place will always be difficulties and acting in good fate will never stay fresh you, like existentialists believe.In Franz Kafkas short story, Metamorphosis, the idea of existentialism is brought out in a subtle, yet definite way. They do not believe in any sort of ultimate power and focus much of their attention on concepts such as dread and boredom. These bonds are not only unornamented in the work place, but at home too. Being constantly used and abused sequence in his human form, Gregors lifestyle becomes complicated once he becomes a giant plant louse and is deemed useless. Conflicts and confusion arise primarily between Gregor and his sister Grete, his parents, and his work. Each of these three relationships has different moral and estimable complications defining them.However, it is important for one to keep in mind that Gregors metamorphosis has placed him into a position of opposition, and that he has minimal control over the events to take place. Conflicts will also occur between family members as they struggle with the decision of what to do with Gregor. In the end they all come to the agreement that maintaining his inutility is slowly draining them and they must get rid of him, as he slowly descends with his self-worth, the family begins to realize that Gregors worthlessness catalyzed them to make something out of their lives and work.In The Truman Show , there is irony present throughout the alone movie. During most of the film, Truman wanted to leave Seahaven and go explore the world. Once Truman learned that his life was a tv set show, he realized he would not be as unique if he left. He would not be the center of attention, and now wants to be just an ordinary person outside of Seahaven. Truman tried so desperately to live a conventional lifestyle, while his viewers wanted to be in their admit utopian society. Although the shows creator, Christof, tried to keep Truman in Seahaven, he ultimately could not.Trumans freewill and control of his own fate led him to discovering the truth about Seahaven, and thus controlling the outcome of his life. He accepted the reality of his life being centered around a television show, but travel on by leaving Seahaven. Although Trumans artificial world came to an end, he entered reality as he left Seahaven. When Truman was isolated and put inside a society that revolved around him, Christof seemed to have given Truman only shadows of his own perception upon reality. When Truman turns to see what casts the shadows, he is then told that what they have formerly seen has no substance, and that what they now see (the carried objects) constitutes a greater reality.When Truman sees the world outside the show he begins to question his previous beliefs. He has been cut off from the real world and was only shown one side. Truman was so naive and inexperienced that he can only believe everything Christof had described for him. It wasnt until Truman saw what was happening that he could form his own opinion. This is where his moral dilemma comes in to play does Truman stay in the utopian society and continue to live obliviously or does he fend for himself and live in the real world where he can perceive things in his own way?

Andrea Jung Ceo of Avon Essay Example for Free

Andrea Jung Ceo of Avon strainAndrea Jung CEO of Avon By Theresa Bell Andrea Jung CEO of Avon Abstract Andrea Jung has had many decision maker positions during her career as a vice president, merchandising manager, general merchandising manager, senior vice president and general merchandising manager, executive vice president and is straightaway Avons CEO, a Fortune 500 corporation, and has been for almost the last decade. She is Avons first effeminate CEO since it began in 1886. Andrea Jung has introduced new technology to the company and a new line of make-up. The cosmetics are now being sell in 143 different countries brining its profits up 41%. She gave Avon a revamp when she took all over gaining trust, reliability, and gaining a free-enterprise(a) advantage over their competitors. She used a low-cost vexation-level strategy to gain the advantage over the competitors. The way Avon sales their product has not changed it still sales product by a door to door method, but they used new technology to go worldwide making the company more profitable. In 2011 Avon profit has dropped 18% making stakeholders question Andrea Jungs business-style management skill today.Avon deprivations a new contrive inorder to gain the advantage over their competitors and this leads the stakeholders to question Andrea Jungs focus on management. Theresa Bell Keiser University Ron Phillips/Principles of focus December 6, 2011 Andrea Jung CEO of Avon From the start, Avon embraced the revolutionary concept of womens economic empowerment, and this continues to be the driving force for Avon. build on this rich heritage is Avons broader commitment to corporate responsibility and the companys grapheme as a global citizen.Added to the core commitment to women are both additional pillars of Avon corporate citizenship philanthropic gift and environmental stewardship, supported by policies and programs across the companys entire business enterprise to ensure that Avon holds true to its electric charge and vision. (http//www. avoncompany. com/corporatecitizenship/corporateresponsibility/index. hypertext markup language) Andrea Jung is the Chairman and CEO of Avon and has been for almost a decade, in 2005 she ranked number 5 in the slide by 50 most powerful women at the age of 48 years old (http//money. nn. com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/7. hypertext mark-up language ). Andrea Jung took over as CEO, after Charles Perrin had problems within the company serving as its CEO for only cardinal years. In 1999, Jung took over as CEO becoming Avons first female CEO since the company began in 1886. Since Jung has taken over as CEO, Avon has gone internationally selling worldwide, instead of just being sell to American women. Jung started a new line of make-up directed at teenage girls and college-age women to build Avons tax income and to gain younger customers.In doing this Jung has taken Avon in a different direction, Avon is now being sold in 143 countries, women selling directly to buyers, and selling worldwide this has brought more business into the company making it a more profitable company. Since Jung started selling worldwide nearly 40 percent of sales are from southeasterly and Central America. (http//www. notablebiographies. com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Jung-Andrea. html). Avon is now being sold in Mexico, Russia, and Canada, taking the company into a more competitive market.Jung has brought technology into the company focusing on the product sold to gain an advantage over their competitors. In her first five years as CEO, Andrea Jung gave Avon a badly needed facelift. Revenues rose from $5. 3 meg to $7. 7 billion, and profits nearly tripled The business style she used was low cost. Avon had taken the advantage over their competitors when Jung took over as CEO in 1999.Jung was responsible for the profits almost tripling using her business style of management. Today Andrea Jung is under fire by the stakeholders du e to a drop in sales. Avons sales have dropped by 18% leaving them to question Jungs business management style. The company is in need of a turn around plan to gain the advantage over their competitors. The company is under two different investigations to find out if the company bribed officials overseas from Latin, and China. Jung is working on a long-term plan to fix the problems that the company is suffering from today.http//www. appleinsider. com/articles/11/10/28/apple_board_member_andrea_jung_facing_scrutiny_at_avon. htmlhttp//www. avoncompany. com/corporatecitizenship/corporateresponsibility/index. htmlhttp//money. cnn. com/popups/2006/fortune/mostpowerfulwomen/7. html http//www. notablebiographies. com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Jung-Andrea. htmlhttp//www. appleinsider. com/articles/11/10/28/apple_board_member_andrea_jung_facing_scrutiny_at_avon. html.

Summary of The forces that turned Baba around Essay Example for Free

Summary of The forces that turned Baba virtuall(a)y EssayThe history is about the 16-year-old Babatonte, or Baba as his friends call him. He went at St Aloysius college in Highgate. He decl arent had an easy childhood and that has effected his education. When he was 12, he had been suspended from school about 5 times. every(prenominal) time he was suspended from school, he only saw it as holyday. Baba describes him selves as a magnanimous boy there vandalising school property, truanting and get into figths. At the first year of college, Baba had alot of problems. But later on he went to his second year at college. His plan for the future are being an actor. He has moreover been in a movie at the college that went out very good. The students are spending 2 geezerhood a week learning how to, climb a rock, sail a canoe and camping. And they also have been taught first aid, how to cook and carpentry. In the tekst about Baba and in tekst ii Coming of the ropes, is the attitude possitive. Childrens with problems cant be pushed, like every other childrens, but instead they need help.They need to get some self-confidense. In tekst three, called The single bullet that broke a communitys heart, and in tekst four, called Out on the streets, the kids are scared too, the two teksts have a bad attitude, but they mean that young children can be good if they on the nose have some places to be and to chill out, instead of doing it at public places. Comment on the dictation Boys are useing more violence than word, rather than girls who are useing more words than violence.Girls are generally discontinue to express their feelings and talk about their problems. Boys cant express their feelings as good as girls, and they are getting a feeling, that they are been defeated, if they are talking about their feelings. Some of the things that could be keeping teenagers out bowl over is if the young people maybe has a bad childhood, I think something there could help them, would be if there were some adults there could help them from they were kids, then there would? be any kind of troubles in their youth.Another thing there could also help the teenagers out of trouble could be if there were several(prenominal) after school centers. If there were several after school centers, then the young peoble/teenagers had somewhere to go instead of being on the streets and public places. The last thing I can imagine that could help, are if their weekday were getting a little bit diffrent, so they dont have to sit and make schoolwork all day, but maybe got some interest in for example sport.

Taylorism Paper Essay Example for Free

Taylorism Paper EssayThe American Frederick W. Taylor (18561915) pioneered the scientific management approach to crap organization, wherefore the term Taylorism. Taylor developed his ideas on organise organization while working as superintendent at the Midvale Steel Company in Pennsylvania, USA. Taylorism represents both a set of management practices and a system of ideological assumptions. The autonomy (freedom from control) of craft workers was potentially a threat to managerial control. For the craft worker, the exercise of control over work practices was closely linked to his personality, as this description of craft pride, taken from the trade ledger Machinery in 1915, suggestsAs a first-line manager, Taylor not surprisingly loted the position of skilled shop-floor workers differently. He was appalled by what he regarded as inefficient working practices and the tendency of his subordinates not to put in a honest days work, what Taylor called natural soldiering.He be lieved that workers who did manual work were motivated solely by money the image of the greedy robot and were too stupid to develop the most efficient government agency of performing a assess the one best way. The role of management was to analyse scientifically all the tasks to be undertaken, and then to design jobs to eliminate date and motion waste. Taylors approach to work organization and employment relations was based on the following five principles maximum job atomizationseparate planning and doingseparate direct and indirect laboura minimization of skill requirementsa minimization of handling component parts and material. The centrepiece of scientific management is the separation of tasks into their simplest constituent elements routinization of work (the first principle). Most manual workers were viewed as sinful and stupid, and therefore all decision-making functions had to be removed from their detainment (the second principle). All prepa-ration and servicing tas ks should be taken away from the skilled worker (direct labour), and, drawing on Charles Babbages principle, performed by unskilled and cheaper labour (indirect labour, in the third principle).Minimizing the skill requirements to perform a task would reduce the workers control over work activities or the labour process (the fourth part principle). Finally, management should ensure that the layout of the machines on the factory floor minimized the movement of people and materials to shorten the time taken (the fifth principle).While the logic of work fragmentation and routinization is simple and compelling, the principles of Taylorism reflect the class antagonism that is fix in employment relations.When Taylors principles were applied to work organization, they led to the intensification of work to speeding up, deskilling and current techniques to control workers, as shown in Figure 3.2. And since gender, as we have dis-cussed, is both a system of sort and a structure of power re lations, it should not surprise us that Taylorism contributed to the shift in the gender study of engineering firms. As millions of men were recruited into the armed forces for the First World War (191418), job fragmentation and the occupation of standardized items such as rifles, guns and munitions enabled women dilutees to be employed in what had previously been skilled jobs reserved solo for men.Some writers argue that Taylorism was a relatively short-lived phenomenon, which died in the economic depression of the 1930s. However, others have argued that this view underestimates the spread and influence of Taylors principles the popular notion that Taylorism has been superseded by later schools of human relations, that it failed represents a woeful misreading of the actual dynamics of the development of management. Similarly, others have made a coaxing case that, In general the direct and indirect influence of Taylorism on factory jobs has been extensive, so that in Britain jo b design and technology design have become imbued with neo-Taylorism (ref. 10, p. 73).

Effects of Behavioral Interventions on Disruptive Behavior and Affect in Demented Nursing Home Residents Essay Example for Free

personal personnels of behavioral Interventions on degraded Behavior and Affect in Demented care for Home Residents EssayBehavioral interjections might ameliorate them and stick a positivistic effect on residents mood ( carry on). Objectives This learn tested two interventionsan activities of daily living and a psychosocial occupation interventionand a combination of the two to determine their efficacy in reducing turbulent behaviors and improving disturb in rescue got class residents with dementia. Methods The postulate had terzetto sermon groups (activities of daily living, psychosocial activity, and a combination) and two consider groups (placebo and no intervention).Nursing assistants hired specifically for this study enacted the interventions under the direction of a masters vigilant geriatric clinical nurse specialist. Nursing assistants employed at the care for berths recorded the circumstance of disruptive behaviors. Raters analyzed videotapes fi lmed during the study to determine the interventions influence on run. Results Findings indicated significantly more(prenominal) authoritative affect precisely non reduced disruptive behaviors in treatment groups compared to look groups.Conclusions The treatments did non specifically manage the factors that whitethorn piddle been triggering disruptive behaviors. Interventions much more precisely designed than those employed in this study require development to quell disruptive behaviors. Nontargeted interventions might improver ordained affect. Treatments that produce even a brief improvement in affect indicate improved quality of mental health as mandated by federal law. Key Words affect Alzheimers disease behavior therapy dementia care for homes Nursing look July/ elevated 2002 Vol 51, No 4 proximately 1. 3 million older Americans live in breast feeding homes today (Magaziner et al. , 2000). By 2030, with the aging of the population, the estimated demand for long -term care is called to more than in two ways (Feder, Komisar, Niefeld, 2000). Thus, nursing home expenditures could grow from $69 billion in 2000 to $330 billion in 2030 (Shactman Altman, 2000). About half(prenominal) of new nursing home residents have dementia (Magaziner et al. , 2000). The disease has an impact on four study categories of functioning in persons with dementia.These are disruptive behavior (DB), affect, functional status, and erudition (Cohen-Mansfield, 2000). This article will tension on the first two categories. Disruptive behavior has received much more attention than affect has (Lawton, 1997), perhaps for terce reasons. First, more than half (53. 7%) of nursing home residents display DB with infringement (34. 3%) occurring the most often (Jackson, Spector, Rabins, 1997). Second, DB threatens the wellbeing of the resident and others in the environment. Consequences include (a) stress experience by other resiCornelia K.Beck, PhD, RN, is Professor, Col leges of Medicine and Nursing, University of atomic yield 18 for Medical Sciences. Theresa S. Vogelpohl, MNSc, RN, is President, ElderCare Decisions. Joyce H. Rasin, PhD, RN, is Associate Professor, School of Nursing, University of North Carolina. Johannah Topps Uriri, PhD(c), RN, is Clinical participator Professor, College of Nursing, University of atomic number 18 for Medical Sciences. Patricia OSullivan, EdD, is Associate Professor, Office of Educational Development, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.Robert Walls, PhD, is Professor Emeritus, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Regina Phillips, PhD(c), RN, is Assistant Professor, Nursing Villa Julie College. Beverly Baldwin, PhD, RN, deceased, was Sonya Ziporkin Gershowitz Professor of Gerontological Nursing, University of doc. A Note to Readers This article employs a number of acronyms. Refer to Table 1 to facilitate reading. 219 220 Effects of Behavioral Interventions Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4 slacken 1.Acronyms Term good turnivities of daily living Analysis of magnetic variation Apparent affect order scale Arkansas Combined Disruptive behavior(s) Disruptive behavior scale Licensed practical nurse(s) Maryland Mini mental status exam Negative visual analogue scale Nursing home nursing assistant(s) Observable displays of affect scale unequi birdsong visual analogue scale Project nursing assistant(s) Psychosocial activity Research assistant(s) Acronym ADL ANOVA AARS AR CB DB DBS LPN MD MMSE NVAS NHNA ODAS PVAS PNA PSA RA decreases in targeted behaviors (Gerdner, 2000 Matteson, Linton, Cleary, Barnes, Lichtenstein, 1997).However, others account nonsignificant reductions (Teri et al. , 2000), no change (Churchill, Safaoui, McCabe, Baun, 1999), or increased behavioral symptoms (Mather, Nemecek, Oliver, 1997). These studies used nursing home caters to collect data, had essay sizes below 100, and measured an array of DB with distinguishing assessments. Only in the stretch forth decade have lookers investigated affect. Compared to studies to reduce DB, far fewer studies have measured interventions use affect as an outcome measure.Studies reported positive outcomes on affect from such interventions as simulated presence therapy (Camberg et al. , 1999), Montessori-based activities (Orsulic-Jeras, Judge, Camp, 2000), advanced practice nursing (Ryden et al. , 2000), music (Ragneskog, Brane, Karlsson, Kihlgren, 1996), rocking chair therapy (Watson, Wells, Cox, 1998), and pet therapy (Churchill et al. , 1999). The studies on affect used global measures that relied on observer interpretation, which could have compromised objectivity. Theoretical BasesA number of conceptual frameworks have guided intervention research on persons with cognitive impairment (Garand et al. , 2000). The theoretical basis for this study was that unmarrieds have basic psychosocial involve, which, when met, reduce DB (Algase et al. , 1996) (Table 2). The inte rventions, one focusing on activities of daily living (ADL) and the other focusing on psychosocial activity (PSA), and a combination (CB) of the two, were developed to meet most of the basic psychosocial needs that Boettcher (1983) identified.These included territoriality, privacy and freedom from outcast physical intrusion communication, opportunity to talk openly with others self-esteem, respect from others and freedom from insult or shaming gum elastic and security, protection from harm autonomy, subdue over ones life individualised identity, access to personal items and identifying material, and cognitive discretion, awareness of surroundings and mental clarity. The section on study groups specifies which interventions were designed to meet which needs. Positive affect usually accompanies interventions that meet basic psychosocial needs (Lawton, Van Haitsma, Klapper, 1996).Several researchers and clinicians have suggested that displays of affect whitethorn offer a window f or revealing demented residents needs, preferences, aversions (Lawton, 1994), and responses to daily events (Hurley, Volicer, Mahoney, Volicer, 1993). The study reported here dents and stave (b) increased falls and injury (c) economic costs, such as property damage and staff burn-out, ab displaceeeism, and turnover rate (d) emotional deprivation such as social isolation of the resident and (e) use of physical or pharmacologic restraints (Beck, Heithoff, et al. 1997). Third, before the Nursing Home Reform Act (Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 1987), nursing homes routinely applied physical and chemical restraints to nurse DB with only moderate results (Garand, Buckwalter, Hall, 2000). However, the Act mandated that residents have the compensate to be free from restraints imposed for discipline or convenience and not required to treat the residents health check symptoms. Thus, researchers have tested a wide melt down of behavioral interventions to reduce DB and replace restra ints.The Act (1987) similarly stipulated that all residents are entitled to an environment that improves or maintains the quality of mental health. Interventions that win positive mood or affect fulfill this entitlement. Therefore, this article will report the effects of an intervention to increase functional status in activities of daily living (Beck, Heacock, et al. , 1997), a psychosocial intervention, and a combination of both on reducing DB and improving affect of nursing home residents with dementia. TABLE 2. Basic Psychosocial Needs germane(predicate) Literature Literature suggests that behavioral interventions offer promise in managing DB.A wide fly the coop of modalities and approaches have been tested (a) sensory stimulation (e. g. , music) (b) physical environment changes (e. g. , walled garden) (c) psychosocial measures (e. g. , pet therapy) and (d) multimodal strategies. Many studies found significant Territoriality discourse Self-esteem Safety and security Autonom y Personal identity Cognitive understanding Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4 Effects of Behavioral Interventions 221 adopted the inference by Lawton et al. (1996) that frequent displays of positive affect when basic psychosocial needs are met might indicate improved emotional wellbeing. is leg continually and without apparent reason needs redirection. This intervention lasted 4560 minutes a day during diverse ADL. PSA Intervention. A PNA also conducted the PSA intervention, which involved 25 standardized modules designed to meet the psychosocial needs for communication, selfesteem, safety and security, personal identity, and cognitive understanding through engagement in esteemingful activity succession respecting the individuals unique cognitive and physical abilities (Baldwin, Magsamen, Griggs, Kent, 1992).The intervention was chosen because it (a) provided a systematic broadcast for the PNA to address nearly of the thespians basic psychosocial needs and (b) re presented clinical interventions that many long-term care facilities routinely used, but had not been formalized into a research protocol or consistently tested. distributively module contained quintet psychosocial areas of content (expression of feelings, expression of thoughts, memory/recall, recreation, and education) and stimulated cardinal sensory modalities (verbal, visual, auditory, tactile, and gustatory/olfactory).For instance, Activity Module I involved life review, communicating ideas visually (identifying and making drawings), clapping to different rhythms, massaging ones face, and eating a snack. Initially, many participants tolerated less than 15 minutes of the activity but eventually habituated and participated 30 minutes. CB Intervention. This treatment consisted of both the ADL and PSA interventions and lasted 90 minutes daily. Placebo Control. This involved a one-to-one interaction between the participant and PNA.It controlled for the effect of the personal att ention that the PNA provided to the three treatment groups. The PNA asked the participant to demand the activity, such as holding a conversation or manicuring nails. It lasted 30 minutes a day. No Intervention Control. This condition consisted of routine care from a NHNA with no scheduled contact between participants and the PNA. Instruments Disruptive Behavior eggshell. The 45-item disruptive behavior scale (DBS), designed to construct tons based on the occurrence and severity of behaviors, assessed the effect of the interventions on DB (Beck, Heithoff et al. 1997). Gerontological experts (n 29) established content validity, and interrater reliability tests yielded an interclass correlation coefficient of . 80 (p . 001). Geropsychiatricnursing experts weighted the behaviors using a Q-sort to improve the scales capacity to predict perceived patient disruptiveness. Factor analysis identified four factors (Beck et al. , 1998). Two corresponded to twophysically aggressive and physi cally low-pressureof the three categories from the factor analysis of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (Cohen-Mansfield, Marx, Rosenthal, 1989).The third category of the Inventory was verbally provoke in contrast, the factor analysis of the DBS produced a third and fourth categoryvocally agitated and vocally aggressive. To beget a score for the DBS, a practised individual completed a DBS form for any hour of a shift by check- Methods The primary aim was to conduct a randomized mental test of the ADL and PSA interventions individually and in combination (CB) for their effect on DB and affect on a large sample of nursing home residents. The experimental design consisted of three treatment groups (ADL, PSA, and Combined) and two control groups (placebo and no intervention).Individual residents were assigned to one of the five groups at each of seven sites in Arkansas and Maryland, which controlled for site differences. To demonstrate the practicability of the intervention s and assure adherence to the treatment protocols, certified nursing assistants were hired and trained as project nursing assistants (PNA). They implemented the interventions MondayFriday for 12 hebdomads. Afterward, one-calendar month and two-month follow-up periods occurred. Nursing assistants employed by the nursing homes (NHNA) recorded DB. To measure affect, raters were hired for the study to analyze videotapes filmed during intervention.Research Subjects The sample initially consisted of 179 participants. The study design allowed for the detection of an improvement in DB scores on the Disruptive Behavior surmount (DBS) (Beck, Heithoff et al. , 1997) crossways epoch of at least 1. 6 units with a power of 80%. This power calculation assumed that the repeated measures would be correlated with one another at 0. 60. Inclusion criteria were age 65 a dementia diagnosing a Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) (Folstein, Folstein, McHugh, 1975) score of 20 and a report of DB in the prev ious two weeks.To form a more undiversified group for generalizing findings, exclusion criteria were a physical disability that severely limited ADL a psychiatric diagnosis and a progressive or recurring medical, metabolic, or neurological condition that might interfere with cognition or behavior. Study Groups ADL Intervention. A PNA used the ADL intervention during bathing, g modeing, dressing, and the noon meal based on sure-fire protocols that improved functional status in dressing (Beck, Heacock et al. , 1997).It attempted to meet residents psychosocial needs for territoriality, communication, autonomy, and self-esteem to promote their sense of safety and security. The intervention also tried to respect participants cognitive and physical abilities by prescribing three types of strategies specific to the individual participant. First, strategies to complete an ADL address specific cognitive deficits. For example, the person with ideomotor apraxia needs touch or physical guida nce to start movements. Second, standard strategies are behaviors and communication techniques that work for almost everyone with dementia.For example, the caregiver gives a series of one-step commands to guide the resident to put on her shoe. Third, problem-oriented strategies address feature disabilities such as fine motor impairment, physical limitations, or perseveration. For example, a subject who rubs his hand back and forth on 222 Effects of Behavioral Interventions ing the behaviors that occurred. The score for a behavior was the absolute frequency (08) times the weight. The item scores were summed to obtain each of the four subscale scores. Mini Mental Status Exam. The Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) (Folstein et al. 1975) provided a global evaluation of participants cognitive statuses for screening subjects for the study. Test-retest reliability of the MMSE is . 82 or better (Folstein et al. ). Cognition is assessed in seven areas, and scores lower than 24 out of 30 indic ate dementia. Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4 Observable Displays of Affect Scale. The Observable Displays of Affect Scale (ODAS) (Vogelpohl Beck, 1997), designed to rate videotaped data, contains 41 behaviors categorized into six subscales of positive and negative facial displays, vocalizations, and body movement/ ride.Raters indicate presence/ absence of each behavior during five 2-minute intervals from a 10minute videotape. score range from 05 for each item. The range of scores for each scale is facial positive (020), Aggression during bathing facial negative (020), vocal positive (045), vocal negative (050), body could stem from physical positive (030), and body negative annoying or rough (040). Interrater reliabilities (Kappa handling coefficients) for the ODAS range from . 681. 00, and intrarater reliability is . 971. 00.Ten gerontological nursing experts established content validity (Vogelpohl Beck). Apparent Affect Rating Scale. The Apparent Affect Rating Scale (AARS) (Lawton et al. , 1996) is designed for direct observation of persons with dementia and contains six affective states pleasure, anger, anxiety/fear, sadness, interest, and gladness. (In later work, Lawton, Van Haitsma, Perkinson, Ruckdeschel 1999 deleted contentment). Each item has a noninclusive list of behaviors that might signal the presence of the affect from which observers infer the affect.The observer assigns a score of 1 to 5 to measure the duration of the behavior. Visual parallel Scales. The Positive Visual Analogue Scale (PVAS) and Negative Visual Analogue Scale (NVAS) (Lee Kieckhefer, 1989 Wewers Lowe, 1990) are two 10centimeter lines on assort pages for rate positive and negative affect. The PVAS has end anchors of no positive affect and a great deal of positive affect. The NVAS has end anchors of no negative affect and a great deal of negative affect. Scores range from 0 to 100.Procedure The study consisted of six phases (a) preliminary activities, (b) a three-week normalization/desensitization period, (c) a 12-week intervention period, (d) a onemonth follow-up period, (e) a two-month follow-up period, and f) a videotape analysis. Preliminary Activities. The institutional review boards at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Univer- sity of Maryland approved the research. Each nursing home identified residents with dementia and sent letters informing persons responsible for the residents that researchers would be contacting them.Responsible persons could return a signed form if they did not want to participate. Willing responsible persons received a telephone call explaining the study followed by a mailed written description along with two go for forms. Those willing kept one consent form for their records and signed and mailed back the other. Screening involved a review of the residents charts, recording their diagnoses, and interviews with the staff to find evidence of DB during the previous two weeks. E ach resident took the MMSE to meet inclusion criteria. at bottom each home, egg-producing(prenominal) residents who passed these screens were randomized to one of the five groups by a drawing, but males were assigned to the five groups to checker even distribution of their underage number. Simultaneously, research staff members were hired and trained. Normalization/Desensitization. For the next three weeks, each PNA accompanied a NHNA to learn the routines of the facility but did not help care for voltage study participants. A videotape technician placed a camera that was not running in the eat and shower rooms to desensitize residents and staff to its presence.In addition, nursing home staffs participated in two-hour training sessions on the DBS. Throughout the study, a gerontological clinical nurse specialist trained any new NHNA and retrained if behaviors reported on the DBS differed from those she observed during randomized checks. Intervention. During the 12-week interven tion period, the first three weeks were considered service line and the last two weeks postintervention. The PNA administered the treatment/s or placebo five days a week. Every day, they asked participants to give their assent and espected any dissents. During weeks 1112 (postintervention), the PNA prepared the participants for their departure by telling them that they were leaving soon. To facilitate data collection, a separate form of the DBS for each of the three eight-hour daily shifts was developed. Eight one-hour blocks accompanied each item of the scale. The NHNA placed a check mark in the block that corresponded to the hour when the NHNA observed the behavior. The NHNA completed the DBS on all participants during or at the end of a shift.In addition, a technician videotaped participants in the treatment and placebo groups every other week during an interaction with the PNA and no intervention group monthly during an ADL. The technician monitored positioning and operation of the camera from outside the room or behind a curtain to respect the participants privacy. One-Month and Two-Month Follow-up. One month and two months after the research team left the nursing home, Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4 Effects of Behavioral Interventions 223 esearch assistants (RA) retrained nursing home staffs on the DBS. The NHNA then collected DB data on their shifts MondayFriday for one week. tervention, week 16 as one-month follow-up, and week 20 as two-month follow-up. Participants with fewer than six observations at any time period were omitted. For each period, a total DBS score represented an averVideotape Analysis. The videotapes ranged in length from age of the participants data for the three shifts of each day less than five minutes to 40 minutes, depending on the across the five days of the observation week.Therefore, activity and the participants willingness to cooperate with total DBS scores were obtained for baseline (M of weeks the treatment (baseline and control participants tapes 13), intervention (M of weeks 410), postintervention (M tended to be shorter). To standardize the opportunity for of weeks 1112), first follow-up (M of week 16), and secbehaviors to occur, an editor took 10-minute segments ond follow-up (M of week 20). The same procedure from the middle of baseline and final treatment eek tapes yielded subscale scores for physically aggressive, physically and randomized them onto videotapes for judge. Because nonaggressive, vocally aggressive, and vocally agitated videotaping occurred to ensure appropriate implementabehaviors for each of the five time periods. tion of interventions, the treatment groups had more A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) usable videotapes than the control groups did. consisted of two between-subjects and one within-subjects A masters prepared gerontological factors.The between-subjects factors nurse specialist intensively trained six were intervention group and state (AR raters on the Observer trio Software or MD) to account for regional differSystem (Noldus Information Technolences in scoring DB, and the withinogy, 1993) for direct data door and subjects factor represented DBS scores the affect rating scales. The raters for the five different time periods. Each reached . 80 agreement with the speanalysis allowed for testing by intervencialist on practice tapes before they tion group, time period, and state. The Screaming may started rating the study videotapes. nalysis of the interaction effect of She monitored reliability for each tape intervention group by time period express annoying or monthly, retrained as needed, and rantested the assumption that the intervenself-stimulation domized the sequence of rating the tions would decrease DB across time in scales. The raters entered the ODAS treatment conditions as compared to and AARS data directly into a comcontrol conditions. The analysis was puter using the Observer. The system repeated f ive times, once for each suballowed raters to watch videos repeatscale of the DBS and once for the total edly in developed time and slow action to score.Level of deduction was set at document behaviors objectively and 0. 05. The researchers believed that the precisely. The raters indicated their small group sizes justified the liberal perception of the participants positive and negative level of significance. For the videotape analysis, analyses of affect by placing a vertical mark at some point between covariance occurred for the 14 variables observed from the the two end anchors of the PVAS and NVAS. They videotapes during intervention. The baseline score served marked neutral affect as negative. s a covariate for the final score. While a multivariate analysis would have been desirable, it would have had Intervention Integrity The PNA and video camera techniinsufficient power with this number of variables and subcian underwent two weeks of intensive training on general jects. Th e 14 univariate analyses do set off the Type I error aging topics, stress management, information on dementia, rate. and confidentiality/privacy issues. Training also involved instruction on the study interventions, DBS, and research Results protocols.Of the 179 initial participants, 36 did not finish the greatA gerontological clinical nurse specialist viewed treatest attrition occurred in the no intervention control group. ment and placebo videotapes biweekly in a private office to Attrition resulted from death (39%), withdrawal of fammonitor PNA compliance with research protocols, provide ilys consent or at nursing home staffs request (26%), discorrective feedback to PNA, and help PNA have it away and charge (18%), and change in health status/medications meet participants needs as they changed during treatment. hat did not meet inclusion criteria (17%). This left 143 The possibility for contamination appeared to be low participants 29 in the ADL, 30 in PSA, 30 in CB, 30 in the b ecause NHNA were unlikely to change their care practices placebo, and 24 in the no intervention, but 16 with incomand had little opportunity to observe PNA. Further, NHNA plete data were dropped. Table 3 gives the demographic were blinded to the hypothesis of the study, the nature of the statistics for the 127 participants with complete data.No interventions, and the participants group assignments, statistically significant demographic differences emerged although they belike could identify the no intervention among the five groups. In short, this sample primarily conparticipants. sisted of elderly, white females with severe cognitive impairment. Analysis Reviewers checked for completeness of all data. For the videotape analysis, the final number was 84 The researchers designated intervention weeks 13 as baseparticipants with 168 videotape segments. Most were line, weeks 410 as intervention, weeks 1112 as postin- 224 Effects of Behavioral InterventionsNursing Research July/August 2 002 Vol 51, No 4 TABLE 3. Description of the Sample by Intervention Group No Intervention 19 89. 5 78. 9 84. 2 86. 47 (6. 37) 11. 47 (6. 43) ADL Number in group Percent female Percent white Percent widowed plastered age (SD) M MMSE (SD) 28 78. 6 82. 1 64. 3 82. 29 (8. 40) 11. 44 (7. 69) PSA 29 82. 1 85. 7 66. 7 82. 18 (7. 64) 10. 65 (6. 76) CB 22 81. 8 77. 3 77. 3 82. 82 (9. 81) 7. 91 (5. 41) Placebo 29 75. 9 86. 2 75. 9 86. 45 (6. 92) 11. 11 (6. 39) Total 127 81. 0 82. 5 72. 8 83. 64 (7. 97) 10. 55 (6. 64) Note. ADL = activities of daily living PSA = psychosocial activity CB = combination. emale (79%) and widowed (69%) with a mean age of 83 (SD 7. 44). Participants had a mean score of 10 (SD 6. 34) on the MMSE, indicating moderate to severe cognitive impairment. Table 4 displays the means and standard deviations for the DBS boilersuit and the four subscales across the five time periods for the five groups. No significant differences emerged for the intervention-by-time interaction for any of the capable variables. Thus, the results failed to support the hypothesis that the interventions would decrease DB across time in treatment groups as compared to control groups (statistical analysis tables on Website at http//sonweb. nc. edu/nursing-research-editor). However, the main effect of state was significant in three analyses. Arkansas recorded significantly more behaviors than Maryland did for the dependent variables of physically nonaggressive (p . 001), vocally agitated (p . 001), and overall DBS (p . 002). Further, the main effect of time was significant for overall DBS (p . 002) and the four subscales of physically aggressive (p . 001), physically nonaggressive (p . 027), vocally aggressive (p . 021), and vocally agitated behaviors (p . 008).The significance resulted from increased DB after the PNA had left the home (generally from intervention or postintervention to first follow-up). For the videotape analysis, the hypothesis stated that treatment groups, compared with control groups, would display more indicators of positive affect and fewer indicators of negative affect following behavioral interventions. In general, neither the positive nor the negative affect scores were particularly high, indicating that this sample had relatively flat affect. Results from the analysis of covariance tests supported increased positive affect but not reduced negative affect.Compared to the control groups, the treatment groups had significantly more positive facial expressions (p . 001) and positive body posture/movements (p . 001), but not more positive verbal displays on the ODAS. The treatment groups displayed significantly more contentment (p . 037) and interest (p . 028) than the control groups did on the AARS. For the negative affects on the AARS, the treatment groups had a shorter duration of sad behaviors (p . 007) than the control groups did. Comparison of VAS scales likewise showed that the treatment groups displayed more positive affect (p . 012). Discussion In contrast to other studies (e. . , Hoeffer et al. , 1997 Kim Buschmann. , 1999 Whall et al. , 1997), this study found no treatment effect on DB. The interventions were a synthesis of approaches believed to globally address triggers of DB and meet psychosocial needs (Boettcher, 1983). They did not address the specific factors that might have been triggering the particular behavior (Algase et al. , 1996). Such triggers include under/over stimulation, unfamiliar or impersonal caregivers, and particular individual unmet psychosocial needs. For example, aggression during bathing could stem from physical discomfort or rough handling (Whall et al. 1997). Interventions much more individually designed require development. Increasing DB across all groups was reflected in the DBS scores at 1-month follow-up. Two factors may explain this increase. First, the PNA had warned participants that they would be leaving. Second, the ADL and CB participants no longer received ca re from the familiar PNA, and PSA, CB, and placebo participants no longer had a daily activity or visit. The increased stress and time constraints for NHNA as they resumed caregiving of the ADL and CB participants may explain the heightened DB in the control groups.Such changes may trigger increased behavioral symptoms in persons with dementia (Hall, Gerdner, Zwygart-Stauffacher, Buckwalter, 1995). Two measurement issues may have affected outcomes. First, observers view behaviors differently (Whall et al. , 1997) and come to expect particular behaviors from certain residents (Hillman, Skoloda, Zander, Stricker, 1999). If the NHNA were accustomed to a participants DB pattern, such as lasting screaming, they may have overlooked decreases in that behavior. Initial training and retraining of raters occurred as needed however, some Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4Effects of Behavioral Interventions 225 TABLE 4. Weighted Scores for Disruptive Behavior by Intervention Grou p and Time Period No Intervention (n = 19) suppose (SD) 408. 71 (427. 24) 303. 69 (408. 44) 281. 97 (410. 85) 418. 31 (630. 58) 292. 85 (405. 15) 114. 66 (202. 89) 90. 85 (182. 70) 77. 98 (173. 15) 130. 92 (257. 12) 128. 20 (195. 67) 191. 97 (157. 75) 117. 11 (112. 30) 118. 23 (137. 08) 154. 46 (225. 05) 100. 45 (153. 30) 55. 16 (74. 70) 42. 89 (54. 54) 33. 26 (47. 06) 64. 72 (77. 89) 28. 09 (37. 02) (continues) DB Category Time Period DBS total baseline ADL (n = 28) wet (SD) 172. 51 (191. 47) 182. 45 (181. 3) 164. 56 (154. 95) 207. 22 (205. 58) 190. 70 (291. 06) 20. 67 (30. 52) 32. 59 (51. 29) 15. 02 (26. 10) 44. 18 (100. 62) 21. 45 (36. 47) 95. 50 (105. 28) 87. 58 (87. 58) 85. 04 (89. 60) 88. 81 (85. 69) 148. 75 (187. 28) 22. 85 (32. 10) 28. 37 (32. 50) 21. 15 (26. 54) 30. 72 (48. 95) 18. 28 (24. 55) PSA (n = 29) Mean (SD) 348. 02 (467. 50) 306. 81 (393. 03) 303. 24 (367. 54) 373. 17 (533. 05) 300. 20 (366. 42) 85. 87 (199. 01) 83. 94 (167. 53) 82. 82 (166. 93) 113. 49 (235. 71 ) 81. 30 (151. 85) 162. 41 (206. 65) 130. 82 (142. 72) 133. 92 (145. 97) 141. 47 (188. 99) 164. 92 (223. 63) 49. 64 (93. 15) 43. 80 (64. 6) 37. 90 (53. 43) 54. 47 (90. 33) 40. 26 (45. 26) CB (n = 22) Mean (SD) 287. 66 (373. 73) 300. 84 (379. 33) 286. 21 (365. 78) 374. 10 (510. 10) 312. 83 (433. 18) 68. 84 (126. 18) 67. 14 (137. 79) 61. 04 (127. 78) 92. 68 (205. 52) 60. 40 (131. 54) 136. 67 (189. 03) 124. 64 (164. 49) 125. 99 (157. 78) 159. 97 (202. 75) 146. 53 (201. 83) 34. 49 (55. 91) 40. 73 (52. 60) 31. 18 (33. 85) 36. 95 (42. 70) 32. 82 (51. 32) Placebo (n = 29) Mean (SD) 325. 96 (337. 14) 337. 60 (328. 94) 336. 80 (366. 55) 389. 92 (434. 43) 319. 15 (384. 59) 49. 26 (90. 24) 62. 10 (112. 71) 59. 67 (106. 37) 76. 79 (165. 45) 48. 25 (101. 4) 167. 01 (177. 80) 164. 62 (161. 48) 175. 36 (189. 80) 201. 68 (212. 06) 87. 67 (127. 38) 47. 20 (79. 70) 39. 55 (57. 74) 32. 69 (55. 77) 29. 30 (47. 60) 30. 18 (52. 85) Intervention Postintervention 1 month follow-up 2 month follow-up Physica lly aggressive Baseline Intervention Postintervention 1 month follow-up 2 month follow-up Physically nonaggressive Baseline Intervention Postintervention 1 month follow-up 2 month follow-up Vocally aggressive Baseline Intervention Postintervention 1 month follow-up 2 month follow-up 226 Effects of Behavioral Interventions Nursing Research July/August 2002 Vol 51, No 4TABLE 4. Weighted Scores for Disruptive Behavior by Intervention Group and Time Period (Continued) NoIntervention (n = 19) Mean (SD) 47. 65 (97. 22) 68. 32 (103. 13) 68. 01 (116. 62) 84. 50 (112. 48) 73. 07 (117. 12) DB Category Time Period Vocally agitated Baseline ADL (n = 28) Mean (SD) 33. 49 (84. 39) 33. 91 (62. 52) 43. 17 (72. 10) 43. 48 (64. 39) 50. 53 (117. 95) PSA (n = 29) Mean (SD) 46. 92 (98. 70) 52. 84 (96. 03) 52. 50 (90. 78) 68. 22 (98. 89) 48. 89 (92. 33) CB (n = 22) Mean (SD) 62. 49 (98. 97) 70. 43 (110. 85) 69. 08 (107. 29) 82. 14 (118. 97) 75. 80 (129. 67) Placebo (n = 29) Mean (SD) 50. 0 (92. 05) 48. 2 5 (81. 63) 48. 59 (72. 20) 63. 74 (95. 30) 54. 11 (80. 61) Intervention Postintervention 1 month follow-up 2 month follow-up Note. Scores were created by assigning each behavior with a severity weight preceding to summing and then averaging across day and then week(s). DBS = disruptive behaviors ADL = activities of daily living intervention PSA = psychocial activity intervention CB = combination of the two interventions. NHNA appeared to continue to consider participants behaviors, such as repetitive questioning, to be personality characteristics or attention-seeking efforts rather than DB.Thus, they may have under-reported behaviors. Further, staff may prefer withdrawn behaviors, such as isolating self and muteness (Camberg et al. , 1999), and view them as nonproblematic. Second, categorizing a behavior as disruptive without understanding its meaning to the person with dementia may be conceptually flawed. For example, screaming may express pain or self-stimulation. Two design fea tures may explain differences between the findings of this study and others. First, this study had both placebo and no intervention control conditions.Just a few other studies randomized subjects to treatment or control groups or included two control groups (e. g. , Camberg et al. , 1999). In most studies, control conditions preceded or followed treatment conditions (e. g. , Clark, Lipe, Bilbrey, 1998). In both designs, subjects served as their own controls, which limits examination of simultaneous intra- and extra-personal events that might affect DB frequency. Second, many control groups came from separate units or different nursing homes (e. g. , Matteson et al. , 1997), which makes it difficult to control for differences in environment, staff relationships, and personalities.This study occurred at seven sites in two different geographical areas, but at each site, the randomization of female participants distributed the groups across all nursing units to control for environmenta l and staff characteristics. Acknowledged limitations include the following. First, in malignity of the large overall sample, the group sizes were small (range 1930) with the greatest loss in the no inter- vention group. big groups might have provided more definitive findings on the relationship between behavioral interventions and DB frequency as Rovner et al. (1996) did (treatment group 42 control group 39).Second, NHNA served as data collectors because using independent observers would have been cost-prohibitive. These results suggest that future intervention research should consider the individual characteristics of the person with dementia (Maslow, 1996) and the triggers of the behavior (Algase et al. , 1996). Studies that have individualized interventions have demonstrated decreased DB (Gerdner, 2000 Hoeffer et al. , 1997). Researchers need to continue to refine methods for identifying what works for whom (Forbes, 1998) to smirch the prevalent trial-anderror approach to DB management.