Observe a Sixth Grade English Class at Bain Middle School Essay

Observe a Sixth Grade English Class at Bain middle(a) SchoolI observe at Roosevelt Middle School, which is in River Forest, inMrs. Brauns sixth grade English class on Tuesdays in the morning. AsI collect observed, I have noticed that the classroom isstudent-centered. During data processor time, Mrs. Braun focused more onhelping the students get into the computing device program to start theassignment than on having enough time to get the assignment done.Several times, Mrs. Braun gave helpful comments on how to do things onthe computer or in the program, such as how to install automatic spellcheck. Mrs. Braun was also very patient as she was being askedquestions tour she was move to explain the assignment. From what Isaw, somewhat students were getting bored, though, while the assignmentwas being explained and started whispering to each other. However, thewhispering did stop when the students had to get started on theassignment.I have also observed that there seems to be a stro ng set of rules inplace in Mrs. Brauns classroom. This is evident through some of Mrs.Brauns subtle, and not-so-subtle, reminders. For example, she gentlymade an example of a student by pointing out that his decorated pen(with a silly topper on it) was not allowed in class if it was goingto be played and not used. She made a general statement that all penssimilar to it are not welcomed is they are going to be played with.Overall, the students follow the rules very well, and there have notbeen any severe disruptions. There has only been whisperingoccasionally, further it stopped when Mrs. Braun asked. Disciplinarystrategies seem to be in place as well, although I have not seen anydiscipline used while I have been observing the... ...yout.I have observed many things in my first two observations in Mrs.Brauns class. The students do a lot of in-seat assignments, such ashandouts. There seems to be a few comfortably projects being done but theyare done mostly away(p) of class. I feel that some time should bespent in class working on the projects, even if it is 10-15 minutes.The layout seems like both a good idea and a bad idea. It seems like agood idea because if one student gets stuck on something, there areothers around to help. It seems to be a bad idea, though, because ofwhat I stated before, there is still the temptation for the studentsto talk when they are not suppose to and distract each other. The onlyimplication I have is that it seems that some old methods are hard toleave behind, such as busy work (hand outs), for more interactivemethods (interaction with each other).

Three Strike Laws Essay -- Law Laws Argumentative Persuasive papers

Three Strike Laws Mandatory minimums and three strike laws, are they really the answer to the crime problem America has set about for years? Many would say yes, including me, as long as it is for a violent crime such as murder, rape or arson some(a) feel that even theft, drug trafficking or possession, and burglary are all worthy of the 25-to-life sentence that can be carried under the humandatory minimums for three strike laws. A three-strike law is a law that states that you ordain be sentenced to 25years to life for three violations and convictions of a law. Where the three strike laws have mandatory sentences, mandatory sentences arent perpetually tied in with three strike laws. A mandatory minimum is a law that requires someone serve a predetermined amount of date in prison for specific offenses and the only way to have it reduced is by assisting the authorities in further convictions of others. In California a man was sentenced under the three strike laws for th eft because he had two prior convictions. This man had been convicted of robbery and attempted robbery therefore the slice of pizza he stole got him 25 years to life in prison (Lungren Trumpets Three Strikes Law). Yes now, in California, you can be sent to prison for life if you nonplus a slice of pizza from someone.Lets talk about how fair these laws are. Many say that these laws are used to profile African Americans and inner-city minorities mainly by the sentencing difference in rock and powder cocaine. There is a difference in the two forms and how theyre interchange. Cocaine can be bought and sold as powder or rocks, also known as crack or crack cocaine. The effects of each are essentially the same. People will get the same effects with powder as w... ...ad, Peter. Mandatory Sentences Putting the Record Straight Contemporary Review 270.1573 (1997) 57-61.Easton, Steve. Incarceration Aids Drug Fight. ground forces Today 30 Sept. 2002 News A11.Free, Jr. Ma rvin D. The Impact of Federal Sentencing Reforms on African Americans. Journal of Black Studies 28.2 (1997) 268-287.Goodwin, Catherine M. Determining Mandatory Minimums In Drug conspiracy Cases. Federal Probation 59.1 (1995) 74-79.Heath, Erin. One-Track Justice. National Journal 33.34 (2001) 2614-2617.Locy, Toni and Joan Biskupic. U.S. Panel to Urge Change in Crack Penalties. USA Today 4 Aug. 2002 News A3.Stodghill, II, Ron. Unequal Justice wherefore Women Fare Worse. Time 2 Jan. 1999 50-52.Taylor Jr., Stewart. Good Pardons, Bad Laws, and Bushs Unique Opportunity. National Journal 33.7 (2001) 466-468.

Cerebral Palsy Essay -- Diseases Health Genetics Essays

rational palsyCerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non-progressive motor disorder. round (2).% of children born(p) today will study some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, convulsive syndromes callable to upper motor neuron involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%), quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The hemiplegics of this group very much have modest or less severe speech impediments than the other subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This group has the slow, writhing movements and choreiform like movements of the distal extremities to a fault (8). These movements contain during sleep and increase when they become upset. Speech impairment is also often found in these patients (8). Third, ataxics (10%) have cerebellar involv ement, wide based gait, innovation tremors, problems doing pretty movements, and incoordination weakness (8). Fourth, mixed forms of the above named groups are the most common, with spastic and athetoid symptoms being the most often paired. Convulsive seizures are often found in CP patients which often adds to the problems (8). Other associated problems include cognitive impairment, vision and hearing impairments, problems with communication, emotional deficits, behavioral problems and feeding problems (3). fitful hemiplegics and paraplegics are the most likely to be of frequent comprehension (3). Hemiplegics have the lowest incidence of mental retardation with about 40% of them (3). In CP patients it appears that the higher the degree of spasticity the greater the other pr... ...developmental disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1992, 318 307-14. 3. Eicher, P. and Batshaw, M. Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr. Clin. North- Am., 1993, Jun 40(3) 537-548. 4. Hughes, I. and Newton, R. ancestra l Aspects of Cerebral Palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 1992, Jan 34(1) 80-86. 5. Melone, P., Ernest, J., OShea, M., Klinepeter, K. Appropriateness of intrapartum fetal heart rate management and risk of Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Obs. Gyn., 1991 (Aug.), 165 272-277. 6. Powell, T. et. al. Cerebral Palsy in Low-birth cant Infants. II. Spastic Diplegia Associations with Fetal Immaturity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1988, 3019-25. 7. Vargha-Khadem, F. et. al. Development of intelligence and Memory in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Brain, 1992, 115 315-329. 8. The Merck Manual, Pediatrics and Genetics, Chpt. 198, pg. 2110. Cerebral Palsy Essay -- Diseases Health Genetics EssaysCerebral PalsyCerebral Palsy is a generic term that is applied to a non-progressive motor disorder. Approximately (2).% of children born today will have some form of cerebral palsy (CP). There are four main categories in which CP disorders are placed. First, Spastic syndromes d ue to upper motor neuron involvement are representative of 70% of CP cases (8). Subgroups of this include hemiplegia (21%), quadriplegia (27%), and diplegia (21%), which is a mixture of quadriplegia and paraplegia (8). The hemiplegics of this group often have mild or less severe speech impediments than the other subgroups (8). Second, athetoid and dyskinetic syndromes occur in about 20% of the cases (8). This group has the slow, writhing movements and choreiform like movements of the distal extremities also (8). These movements cease during sleep and increase when they become upset. Speech impairment is also often found in these patients (8). Third, ataxics (10%) have cerebellar involvement, wide based gait, intention tremors, problems doing fine movements, and incoordination weakness (8). Fourth, mixed forms of the above named groups are the most common, with spastic and athetoid symptoms being the most often paired. Convulsive seizures are often found in CP patients which often ad ds to the problems (8). Other associated problems include cognitive impairment, vision and hearing impairments, problems with communication, emotional deficits, behavioral problems and feeding problems (3). Spastic hemiplegics and paraplegics are the most likely to be of normal intelligence (3). Hemiplegics have the lowest incidence of mental retardation with about 40% of them (3). In CP patients it appears that the higher the degree of spasticity the greater the other pr... ...developmental disorder. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 1992, 318 307-14. 3. Eicher, P. and Batshaw, M. Cerebral Palsy. Pediatr. Clin. North- Am., 1993, Jun 40(3) 537-548. 4. Hughes, I. and Newton, R. Genetic Aspects of Cerebral Palsy. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 1992, Jan 34(1) 80-86. 5. Melone, P., Ernest, J., OShea, M., Klinepeter, K. Appropriateness of intrapartum fetal heart rate management and risk of Cerebral Palsy. Am. J. Obs. Gyn., 1991 (Aug.), 165 272-277. 6. Powell, T. et. al. Cerebral Palsy in Low-birth weigh t Infants. II. Spastic Diplegia Associations with Fetal Immaturity. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1988, 3019-25. 7. Vargha-Khadem, F. et. al. Development of intelligence and Memory in Children with Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy. Brain, 1992, 115 315-329. 8. The Merck Manual, Pediatrics and Genetics, Chpt. 198, pg. 2110.

Catcher In The Rye: Everybodys A Phony :: essays research papers

Everybodys A PhonyJ. D. Salingers novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is a very well up known piece of the twentieth century. Its a story about a seventeen-year-old boy, Holden Caufield, who experiences around interesting things and people upon his being expelled from Pencey Prep. School. From having breakfast with a cope with of nuns on a bus, to spending an evening with a far from seraphic prostitute, Holden handles each situation the best way he can. However, most of the people Holden encounters, he deems innately phony Holden thinks almost everyone is a phony. Holden discusses how phony his headmaster at Elkton Hills, Mr. Haas, was when he was thereMr. Haas was the phoniest bastard I ever met in my life . . .. On Sundays, for instance, old Haas went around shaking hands with everybodys parents when they drove up to school. Hed be charming as hell and all. Except if some boy had little old funny-looking parents. . . . I mean if a boys mother was sort of fat or corny-looking or some thing, and if someones father was one of those guys that wear those suits with big shoulders and corny black-and-white shoes, then old Haas would just shake hands with them and give half and hour with somebody elses parents (13-14).To Holden, it was blatantly clear that Mr. Haas was just putting on act to please the parents who showed up. He thought that everyone should be himself and not wear stupid facades. Holden Caulfield lived in the Ossenburger Memorial Wing in his dormitory. That hall was only for juniors and seniors. The dorms were named after this person named Ossenburger who also went to Pencey Prep. School a long time ago. After Ossenburger got out of Pencey, he made a lot of money in the undertaking business, and he gave a pittance to the school. That pittance is why the hall was named after him. Then the next morning, Ossenburger gave a dialect to the students of Pencey Prep. about how he was never ashamed when he was in some kind of trouble, but he would get right do wn on his knees and pray to God, and that you should always talk to God wherever you are. Ossenburger said to think of God as your friend. Caulfield got a kick out of this speech thinking how he could barely see this phony bastard .

Relationship Issues Essay -- International Relations, Japan, South Kor

Different arguments and disagreements between countries can be found throughout our history on this Earth. A relationship that is lesser known to a lot of people is the relationship between the dickens Asian countries, Japan and South Korea. Japan and South Korea are two countries that are trapped by their foregone that they share with each other and have shared for more than thirty-five years. Although the two countries are slightly similar when it comes to manners and other antithetic aspects, they are also very different in grows and beliefs. Different cultures and different beliefs are not the only reasons that are keeping Japan and South Korea by though. Their history is the largest reason the Japan and South Korea do not have a strong relationship with one another. Japan and South Korea have a long history. A history of colonial rule and lack of trust in Japan, South Korea chooses not to ally itself with Japan and to not trust in Japan. Although the two countries have been working on stabilizing their relationship, they be quiet need to overcome some issues and their past. South Korea may never learn to get past their long relationship with Japan, but they may be able to work around it. Japan and South Koreas unstable relationship could be improved by sharing their different cultures more or through a military alliance with each other. Japan and South Koreas relationship is known as a quasialliance (Cooney 9). South Korea and Japan are both allies with the United States, but Japan and South Korea still remain unallied to each other. Japan and South Korea still maintain an unstable relationship that could be improved drastically. They still have yet to overcome their differences and forget their past. Although the two count... ...ver people may go and whenever they may happen. Some consequences may occur but many benefits are also possible as well.Japan and South Korea have the potential to construct allies. If they were to become allies they woul d become an extremely strong force in the Asian world. The process may take some time but eventually the two countries would be able to see eye to eye on certain issues regarding North Korea and other important matters. They may become allies through the culture the two already share with one another, or maybe they could become allies economically through the business relationship they have. North Korea and the United States powerfulness even play a role in the two countries becoming allies. Whatever the reason, Japan and South Korea can become allies. Both countries, Japan as well as South Korea, would both benefit by becoming allies with one another.

Relationship Issues Essay -- International Relations, Japan, South Kor

Different arguments and disagreements between countries can be found end-to-end our history on this Earth. A relationship that is lesser known to a lot of people is the relationship between the two Asian countries, japan and siemens Korea. Japan and South Korea be two countries that are trapped by their past that they share with each other and have shared for more than thirty-five years. Although the two countries are slightly similar when it comes to manners and other different aspects, they are also very different in cultures and beliefs. Different cultures and different beliefs are not the only reasons that are keeping Japan and South Korea apart though. Their history is the largest reason the Japan and South Korea do not have a strong relationship with one another. Japan and South Korea have a long history. A history of colonial rule and lack of trust in Japan, South Korea chooses not to ally itself with Japan and to not trust in Japan. Although the two countries have been wo rking on stabilizing their relationship, they still need to vote out some issues and their past. South Korea may never learn to get past their long relationship with Japan, but they may be able to work well-nigh it. Japan and South Koreas unstable relationship could be improved by sharing their different cultures more or through a military hamper with each other. Japan and South Koreas relationship is known as a quasialliance (Cooney 9). South Korea and Japan are both affiliate with the United States, but Japan and South Korea still remain unallied to each other. Japan and South Korea still maintain an unstable relationship that could be improved drastically. They still have provided to overcome their differences and forget their past. Although the two count... ...ver people may go and whenever they may happen. Some consequences may occur but many benefits are also mathematical as well.Japan and South Korea have the potential to become associate. If they were to become allies they would become an extremely strong force in the Asian world. The growth may take some time but eventually the two countries would be able to see eye to eye on certain issues regarding northerly Korea and other important matters. They may become allies through the culture the two already share with one another, or maybe they could become allies economically through the business relationship they have. North Korea and the United States might even play a role in the two countries becoming allies. some(prenominal) the reason, Japan and South Korea can become allies. Both countries, Japan as well as South Korea, would both benefit by becoming allies with one another.

African-American Studies Essay

The aspect of black Studies is key to the lives of African-Americans and those involved with the welf ar of the race. African-American Studies is the systematic and critical study of the multidimensional aspects of downhearted thought and execute in their current and historical unfolding (Karenga, 21). African-American Studies exposes students to the experiences of African-American people and early(a)s of African descent. It allows the promotion and sharing of the African-American culture.However, the idea of African-American Studies, wish well some(prenominal) other studies that focus on a specific group, gender, and/or creed, poses problems. Therefore, African-American Studies must overcome the obstacles in order to improve the state of being for African-Americans. check to the book, door to Black Studies, by Maulana Karenga, various core principles make of the basis of African-American Studies. Some of the core principles consist of 1)hi recital, 2)religion, 3)sociology, 4) government activity, and 5)economics.The core principles serve as the thematic glue which holds the core subjects together. The principles assist with the expression of the African-American Studies discipline (Karenga, 27). The core principle of history is primary factor of African-American Studies. History is the struggle and infix of humans in the process of humanizing the world i. e. shaping it in their own image and interests (Karenga, 70). By studying history in African-American Studies, history is allowed to be reconstructed. Reconstruction is vital, for over time, African-American history has been misleading.Similarly, the reconstruction of African-American history demands intervention not only in the academic process to redefines and reestablishes the truth of Black History, but in addition intervention in the neighborly process to reshape reality in African-American images and interests and thus, self-consciously make history (Karenga, 69). African American History or Black American History, a history of African-American people in the United States from their arrival in the Americas in the Fifteenth carbon until the present day. In 1996, 33. 9 million Americans, about one out of every eight people in the United States, were African-American.Although African-American from the West Indies and other areas have mig swand to the United States in the Twentieth Century, most African- Americans were born in the United States, and this has been true since the early Nineteenth Century. Until the mid-20th century, the African-American population was concent appreciated in the Southern states. Even today, nearly half of all African-Americans live in the South. African-Americans also make up a significant part of the population in most urban areas in the eastern United States and in some mid-western and western cities as easily .Africans and their descendants have been a part of the story of the Americas at least since the late 1400s. As scouts, interprete rs, navigators, and military men, African-Americans were among those who first encountered Native Americans. Beginning in the colonial period, African-Americans provided most of the labor on which European settlement, development, and wealth depended, especially after European wars and diseases decimated Native Americans (http//encarta. msn. com). Thus, history plays a role in the way African-Americans have shaped the world over time.The core concept of African-American religion has always played a vital roles in the African-American life since its beginnings in Africa. Religion is defined as thought, belief, and practice touch on with the transcendent and the ultimate questions of life (Karenga, 211). The vast majority of African Americans practice some form of Protestantism. Protestantisms relatively loose hierarchical structure, particularly in the Baptist and Methodist denominations, has allowed African Americans to create and maintain separate churches.Separate churches enable d blacks to take up positions of leadership denied to them in mainstream America. In addition to their religious role, African American churches traditionally provide governmental leadership and serve social welfare functions. The African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first nationwide black church in the United States, was founded by Protestant minister Richard Allen in Philadelphia in 1816. The largest African American religious denomination is the National Baptist Convention, U. S. A. , founded in 1895.A significant physique of African Americans are Black Muslims. The most prominent Black Muslim group is the Nation of Islam, a religious organization founded by W. D. Fard and Elijiah Poole in 1935. Poole, who changed his mark to Elijiah Muhammad, soon emerged as the leader of the Nation of Islam. Elijiah Muhammad established temples in Detroit, Chicago, and other northern cities. Today, Louis Farrakhan leads the Nation of Islam. A small number of African American Muslims godl iness independently of the Nation of Islam, as part of the mainstream Islamic tradition (http//encarta.msn. com). Presented with the fact that African-American religion is predominately Judeo-Christian, the tendency is to view it as white religion in black face. However, the rooting of the two religions varies due to the historical and social experiences (Karenga, 212). African-American over time has somewhat declined in its power. The church was once the repair basis of the community, especially to those in need. Today, this is speculated to be the link in the decline in the bonding of the African-American community.The core principle of African-American sociology integrates the various aspects and social reality from an African-American perspective. African-American sociology is defined as the critical study of the structure and functioning of the African-American community as a whole, as well as the various units and processes which compose and define it, and its relations with people and the forces external to it (Karenga, 269). African-American sociology involves the study of family, groups, institutions, views and values, relations of race, class and gender and related subjects.The African-American community, like other communities, is defined by the sharing of common space. Parts of its common space, however, are bounded areas of living, such as ghettos, which not only close African-Americans in the community, but simultaneously shuts them out from the access and opportunities available in the larger, predominately Caucasian society (Karenga, 302). The concept of isolation creates areas of poverty. Socially, isolation in ghettos prevents the cycle of diversity society, allowing normal stereotypes to surface.The immense concentration of African-Americans is a reason for disadvantages, such as job slightness, poverty, etc. Statistics suggest that the employment rate issue is an essential on among African-American women. The average out rate of unemploy ment among African-American women in the 1980s was 16% and was high for African-American men (Giddings, 350). Thus, the concept of diversity prevents African-Americans from thriving socially.The core concept of African-American politics can be defined as the art and process of gaining,maintaining and using power (Karenga, 311). The institution of politics has played a role in the African-American community since the 15th amendment was passed, allowing African-American men the right to vote (Constitution). In order to obtain political power, however, there are eight bases 1) key positions in government 2) voting strength 3) community control 4) economic capacity 5) community organization 6) possession of critical knowledge 7) coalition and alliance and 8) lordly capacity.In order to attain these, African-Americans must unite, for unity strengthens weak groups (African-Americans) and increases the power of others (Caucasians) (Karenga, 363). Over time, African-Americans have made s ubstantial strides in politics. complaisant rights leader Jesse Jackson, who ran for the classless Partys presidential nomination in 1984 and 1988, brought exceptional support and force to African-American politics. In 1989, Virginia became the first state in U. S. history to take an African- American governor, Douglas Wilder.In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became the first African-American woman elected to the U. S. Senate. Today, Moseley-Braun is a candidate for the Presidency of the United States (Franklin, 612). There were 8,936 African-American office holders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 mayors and 38 members of Congress. The Congressional Black Caucus serves as a political alliance in Congress for issues relating to African- Americans. The appointment of African-Americans to high federal offices? including Colin Powell (chairman of the U.S.Armed Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1989-1993 Secretary of State, 2001-present), Ron Brown (Secretary of Commerce, 1993-1996), and Supreme Court justice Clarence Thomas? also demonstrates the increasing power of African-Americans in the political arena (http//encarta. msn. com). Despite the advances of African-Americans in the political scene, the rate of voting has immensely declined compared to 40 years ago. According to statistics, less than 20% of African-Americans between the ages of 18 and 24, the most vital voting age group, voted in the last 40 years (http//www. rockthevote.org ).African-American votings frustrate decline over time has become a setback in regards to power, for politics control most of the issues that concern society, such as healthcare, housing, and employment issues that the African-American community are in need of improving. The core concept of economics is defined as the study and process of producing, distributing (or exchanging) and consuming goods and services. Economically, African-Americans have benefited from the advances made during the Civil Rights era. The racial disparity in poverty rates has narrowed to some extent.The African-American middle class has grown substantially. In 2000, 47% of African-Americans owned their homes. However, African-Americans are still underrepresented in government and employment. In 1999, median income of African American household was $27,910 compared to $44,366 of non-Hispanic Caucasians. Approximately one-fourth of the African-American population lives in poverty, a rate three times that of Caucasians. In 2000, 19. 1 % of the African-American population lived below poverty level as compared to 6. 9% of Caucasians population. The unemployment gap between African-Americans and Caucasians has grown.In 2000, the unemployment rate among African-Americans was almost twice the rate for Caucasians. The income gap between African-American and Caucasian families also continue to widen. Employed African-Americans earn only 77% of the wages of Caucasians in comparable jobs, down from 82% in 1975. In 2000, only 16. 6% of African-Americans 25 years and older earned bachelors or higher degrees in contrast to 28. 1% of Caucasians. Although rates of births to unwed mothers among both African-Americans and Caucasians have risen since the 1950s, the rate of such births among African-Americans is three times the rate of Caucasians (DeBose, 1).Thus, the state of African-American economics have flourished over time, yet remains in a state of improvement. Whether one talks about poverty, incomes, jobs, etc. , all imply and guide the concern with economics in the African-American community (Karenga, 355). Conclucively, the possibility of problems arising towards the discipline of African-American Studies are rooted in the birth of the discipline itself (Karenga, 476). The mission of the discipline, hard administrators, and campus opposition are examples of obstacles that often attempt to prevent the missions of African-American Studies.However, African-American Studies has continued to defend its stance over time. Thus, as long as there is an African-American culture, the quest for knowledge in the African-American studies field will remain. Works Cited DeBose,Brian. Reclaiming the Mission. Nov. 2002 . Franklin, John Hope. From Slavery to Freedom. Nashville, TN McGraw-Hill, 2000. Giddings, Paula. When and Where I Enter . New YorkPerrenial, 1984. Karenga, Malauna. Introduction to Black Studies. Los Angeles University of Sankore Press ? Third Edition, 2002. http//encarta. msn. com http//www. rockthevote. com.

Why is exercise Important?

Have you ever heard the impression engagement it or lose it ? Well it is true if you dont use your body, you will surely lose it. Your muscles will become flabby and weak. You heart and lungs wont function efficiently, an your joints will be stiff and easily injured. Inactivity is as much of a health risk as smoking. It also helps prevent diseases, our bodies were meant to move they actually crave exercise regular exercise is necessary for physical fitness and ingenuous health. It trims the risk of heart disease, cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes and many other diseases. It also can improve your appearance and delay the aging process.It helps improves stamina, because when you exercise, your body uses energy to redeem going. Aerobic exercise involves continues and rhythmic physical motion, such as walking and bicycling. It improves your stamina by training your body to become more efficient and use less energy for the same amount of work, as your conditioning level improves your heart rate and breathing rate return to resting levels much sooner from energetic activity. Exercise is also a key to weight control because it burns calories. If you burn off more calories than you take in, you lose weight. It is as simple as that.Once you begging to exercise regularly, you will discover many more reasons why exercise is so important to improving the quality of your life. Exercise reduce stress, lift moods, and helps you sleep better. It can keep you looking and felling younger throughout your entire life. How often should you exercise? The benefits of any exercise program will devolve if it is disrupted too frequently. A stop-start routine is not only ineffective, but can cause injuries. Being consistent with exercise, therefore, is probably the most important chemical element in achieving desired results.

Genres Of Literature

Genres of literature ar important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfictional prose. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. nonfictional prose sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars. Types of Nonfiction Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format whichtells a story. Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the authors outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative. A Biography is a written account of another persons life. An Autobiography gives the history of a persons life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their persons life. Speech is the faculty or power of speaking oral chat ability to express ones thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture.Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse. Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealings with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next separate we will discuss.

Profesional Manager Essay

What are the Institution build Skills of the Top Executives in organisational set up? Explain with examples from unlike Institution Building Personalities quoting their role relating to various acquirements which contributed in Institution Building. Briefly describe the organisational history you are referring to.Most of the institution building activities require attending to some in truth important functions. The chief executive has to maintain his position of a leader of the organisational management. Apart from the efficiency of the fundamental law top executive has to be equ altogethery tinct about satisfaction of employees, their welfare, their break upment which will create an impact on the society and their morale. Managerial skills that help in building an institution or organization the skills of the top executive are broadly categorized as followsi) Identity Creating economic consumption You create a special place for your organisation by making it unique in ane o r more than one respect. You may have good employee welfare mea certain(predicate)s that make your employees happy. You may in any case be know for your technological innovations and users of your technology outside your organisation are happy about it. Thus, you are known with your identity with the above two areas which are created and you have also made or established your organisations identity that way. Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance, employee satisfaction, goodwill, transparency,.ii) Enabling Role The chief executive has to burst various kinds of resources such as men, material, facilities for work as well as a good work atmosphere. Employees have to be trained and updated in their skill and materials so that outputs can be multiplied. Also, he has to give employees a rattling challenging/satisfying atmosphere to work by knowing their ability as well as willingness to work by this means efficiency of the employees can certainly be increased as well as morale. Involvement of employees in decision making. Focused participation, increment of resources (men, materials, machinery and money etc.). Breakeven point.iii) Synergising role Synergy is working to beginher of two or more plenty, organizations, or things, especially when the result is greater than the sum of their individual effects or capabilities. Collectively resources men, material, money and machines contribute to the goals of the organisation. Ensuring proper habit of the available resources particularly when such resources are scarce is very important role of the top executive. Also, this role of the top executive is very challenging one because he has to uniquely combine available resources with their optimum utilisation in order to achieve the predetermined objectives.iv) Balancing Role The role of the top executive is to make subordinates conform to rules, expectations, regulations or procedures to achieve the goal of the organisation. much(prenominal) confo rmity may not be so much stressed that it destroys the creative potential of the subordinates/employees. Allowing employees to be creative, to be able to move in parvenue directions and respond to the new-fashioned challenges and pressures from the environment gives them autonomy without causing damage to their potential. Thus, a balance between the conformity and creativity should be maintained.v) Linkage Building Role As a top executive, realizing the social obligations of the organisation to the benefit of other organisations as well as the community and society at large he link the organisation with other technical or financial organisations or government agencies or policy making bodies which may have similar goals. For example, query and ontogenesis unit of the industry can have link with a similar unit in educational or research organisations. He has to get support from financial institutions to develop research and development activity in his organisation. Linking the org anisations activity with the community where he works. A rural development centres activity at a technical education institution can be very well linked with community development programmes in rural areas on issues like health, sanitation, education, etc.vi) Futuristic Role This is role is very vital because the very future of the organisation will be at stake, if let loose. Top executive has to take decisions to expand or diversify or change or reorganise his organisationfor meeting new demands and challenges. He should be prepared for the immensity of the role his organisation can play in future.vii) Making impact This means making an impact of ones organisation on others. A leading manufacturing organisation of a product can be very influential in several slipway to influence the policies in the field in which it operates. Examples of electronic goods such as television, transistors, calculators and computers are not rare, where superior technology in the manufacturing process is ever on the increase.viii) Super ordination to the employees working below a top executive. You can done by giving a sense of fulfilment to the members of your organisation by building in them a sense of pride that they are working in a very important field of work, which is so important for the society. For example, members of a fertiliser or oil or steel organisation would be very highly motivated and satisfied people as their work is of importance to the society. This sense of pride has to be brought out by you as a top manager.xi) Team Building Building an efficient and strong team of people at the middle management level so that they can really work for him and the organisation. Being chief executive he can always kick upstairs some persons to learn some of his management as well as managerial skills to keep the organisation functioning by their strong and mutually backing activities.x) Monitoring and Reviewing Monitor and review the functioning of the organisation at di fferent time intervals to ensure correct way of functioning. You may also make sure that your team of people are open to problems of their own group as well as appreciate problems of similar kind occurring at various levels in other organisations. Many times we are successful in resolving our problems concerning people or their work by borrowing experience of others.xi) Quest for giving Search This role of a top executive assumes high importance. This role involves a constant monitoring and search for competent people at all levels and reward them for their competence anddedication. Search of competent personnel in a significant way to enhance the competence of the organisation.xii) Sharing ideas To keep in touch with and share ideas with policy makers and planners as well as intellectuals who bring in deep insight to understand and plan for the future. This role of chief executive is very crucial as sharing of ideas and the feedback from them to join meetings and debates of such n ature which will make you think about your own skills in this regard.xiii) You may like to develop in yourself a kind of skill to be involved with the organisation until now remain detached about it. In India, this sense of remaining detached, yet knowing what is happening is one of the very important work values existing in our culture and tradition. You may be deeply involved to mother a very effective top person in the day-to-day operations of the organisation and its results. Yet you should also be detached from people and item to observe your own activities and experiences to learn about a different approach to your organisation.Container Corporation of India Limited a Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the administrative control of Ministry of Railways had made its humble beginning in 1988 with its one and only one ICD at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi with various institution building measures of its various Chief Executives right from Mr. R.D. Sharma to Mr. Anil K umar Gupta (current CMD) over a geological period of 25 years now the company enjoys a near monopoly status in multimodal logistics contrast despite Ministry of Railways granting licences to the private container operators. The tenure of Mr. Ashwini Kumar Kohli and Mr. Rakesh Mehrotra the ex-CMDs has seen a commendable development scenario because of all the above explained roles being played by them despite facing the odds during the period of economic slow down i.e. in 2008. As we are all aware during this period the export import (EXIM) trade as well as the domestic trade was severely hit. But the strategic role played by the top/chief executive in reducing the freight responsibility slightly had given boost to the domestic as well as exim trade while maintaining the upward trend in profitability.

Literary Concepts of Concord Hymn

The flesh out in Concord Hymn really give great image of the characters and setting of this time period. The poesy exalts a general spirit of revolution and freedom. Concord Hymn was written by Ralph Waldo Emerson and was originally sung at the completion of the Battle Monument have a go at itn at the Old North Bridge. The monument is similarly known as Obelisk and is believed to the countrys first memorial to its war casualties. The first stanza is the key to the poem By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to Aprils breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood.And fired the shot heard round the realism (Roberts and Zweig, 891). Emerson knows the outcome and potentiometer describe in detail the emotions around the War. By the rude Bridge that arched the flood lets readers know that the author is describing the bridge as one that is very basic and simply structured and positioned over the Concord River which was at its highest level in April. Their flag t o Aprils breeze unfurled lets us know clearly that this occurred in April and the wind was blowing. The Embattled farmers refers to the men, which consisted of townsfolk and where not part of any regular army.The shot heard round the world refers to the fact that the American variation inspired not just Americans, but inspired people all over the world to fight against injustice The second stanza which follows gives detail as to the participants in the War whom are dead The foe long since in silence slept Alike the conqueror silent sleeps And Time the ruined bridge has swept shovel in the dark stream which seaward creeps (Roberts and Zweig, 891). In stanza two the poem is stating that the participants on both sides of the battle have long been deceased described as sleep which is a common metaphor for dead.The reader also learns in stanza two the bridge was ruined and swept down the Concord River. (PoertyFoundation, 2013) The following stanza is details of the monument being place d in Concord, Massachusetts On this green bank, by this soft stream, We set today a votive stone That retentivity may their deed redeem, When, like our sires, our sons are gone (Roberts and Zweig, 891&892). Votive stone is the Obelisk Monument that was placed by the Concord River as a reposition of all the people whom fought and died in the Battle of Concord. The town of Concord is now a popular attraction for both history and literature.The last stanza of the poem which follows the readers can see this Battale was roughly freedom Spirit, that made those spirits dare To die, and leave their children free, Bid Time and Nature gently spare The shaft we raise to them and thee (Roberts and Zweig, 892). Emerson writes about the spirits, noting that there were deaths involved, leaving behind family but doing so for their families to now be free. The remembrance flag that is being raised is to honor those who have gone and also to remind those who are now left to carry on never forgetti ng the history of these brave Americans and what happened that day.

Multicultural counselling values Essay

The main purpose of writing this essay is to analyze and highlight some person-to-person determine of a counselor that poop affect the quality of maintaining effective therapeutic relationship with the thickening. The writer agrees to the statement it is impossible for a counsellor to maintain a position of disinterest. The views and critical approaches of the writer are expressed in the following essay.IntroductionEvery atomic number 53 has his/ her ad hominem values, beliefs, biasness and preferences. Personal values deem great puzzle out in relation to human decision-making. Each individual has a different set of personal values because everyone has a different set of life experience, environment and family background. value are essential to our life as it acts as a build of catalyst to guide our life, shape our behavior and reflect our personal moral standards.For example, an individual who uphold the values of trust, sincerity and honesty, he/she will want masses to h ave faith in them. In addition, this group of individuals would yearn others to be heart-whole in terms of friendship and things they do. It could also be in a orchestrate of ability to perform certain task with full of sincerity without hoping for some(prenominal) credits. (All of us preserve values which produce high standards, portraying good image to our loved ones, self and ultimately, bringing good things towards the society.Personal Values & Its OriginsThe writer has personal values that include creation filial, devoted, responsible, and establishing good relationship with his loved ones. In certain circumstances, these personal values of the writer may differ from the customers values, resulting in conflict and resistance. (It creates relationship difficulties with the clients.) This may prevent the writer from forming a therapeutic relationship with the clients. unrivalled example would be the writer, who is a apparitional person, dealing with clients who have a char acter totally opposite of him. Since he is religious, the writer is cautious with his act and reframe from situations leading to sins. For instance, if the writer were to counsel clients facing issues much(prenominal) as abortion, gambling, divorce and intentional single parenting, it may lead to conflicts due to differing personal values. The writer heavily criticizes these acts because the client is irresponsible, inhumane, and he considers such acts as uncivilized. disregarding of the clients ethnicity / religion, conflicts may bring up feelings of anger, uneasiness and negativity towards the client.The authors emotions will be affected due to the writer being intolerant of such acts. It is due to the writers strong religious values that cause his emotions and cognitive ability to be disoriented. As he is not in the right state of mind to think effectively, the writers focus is affected. The train of empathy and being congruent become affected because the counselors value does not align well with his clients values. As a result, the writer has the urge to judge the clients and become slanted. Such emotions can be overwhelming, leading to the writers unconscious skewed judgment and possible ill feelings formed of these clients.Dealing with countertransferenceIn addition, it is equally of utmost importance to tell apart our own unresolved personal issues that feeds into problematic behaviors with clients .Take the following as an example, a client who wants to change into a filial person after committing various illegal acts. The client wants to repent. Relating back to the writers past experiences, he too was once a rebellious person. His parents condemned his acts that brought shame to the family name. It was tough and difficult for his parents to accept him back.That was one incident his parents nearly disowned him after what he had done. He had been heavily insulted and judged. The writer knew it was not his fault because his motive was to only get t he attention from his parents. His parents have been biased and treated him unfairly compared to his other two siblings. With the writers past experience, the writer has developed correspondent chemistry with his/her clients. The writer becomes emotionally detached with his/her client due to the situation similarity that the client had experienced. Instead of analyzing and finding out more about the clients main issues, the writer became engrossed with the similar event portion.He may place his focus on the filial issue. If the writer is unable to deal with his unresolved conflicts from the past or other relationships, it can affect the therapeutic outcome. It may slow down the process of gathering information that is important for the clients needs. The writers focus may wander and disorientate, that can impair the quality of the session. By having the impression of showing good and positive impression to the clients, the counter transference affects the therapy session when the c ounselor is quickly accepting the clients opinions.The writers blind spots may hinder his ability to deal with various similar behaviors shown by the clients, or the writers old wounds that surfaced as he subject areas to process the clients pain. Each client needs to be met where they are and worked with on their individual stuff, without interference from either the counselors prior experiences with clients or their personal values. On the other hand, counselors need to know what their personal thresholds are. For example, if the writer feels that he cannot work with a child abuser or a murderer without allowing his personal values affect his work with the client, he needs to take the precautionary measures to still himself from such clients and refer them to another counselor. Alternatively, he can seek supervision from someone who is experienced for advice.Benefits and Limitations of Personal ValuesThere are some benefits that personal values can bring upon in counseling. Val ues by the counselor can be used as a form of communication. Based on an article entitled Values in Counseling and Psychotherapy, written by Patterson, he mentioned that the therapists values are not communicated right away to the client . The writer as a person would relate to the client as a person. In other words, the writer feels he is in a position whereby he set the appropriate tone and example to the client. When the counselor begins to demonstrate empathy, sincerity, authenticity, respect and establishing good rapport, the client would most plausibly mirror these values. Since the client develops more positive attitudes and the willingness to change, it establishes better communication with the writer.The writer is able to show congruence as well as unconditional positive regard towards the client. The writer also feels that benefits would arise from working with specific groups of people based on shared values. For example, a preacher or imam who is counseling will likely do so in a way that incorporates their religious beliefs. The client would specifically go to that person for religious-based counseling. However, if the client is struggling with those beliefs, their struggles may not be heardManaging Personal Values Every obstacle can be overcome and dealt with. In the counseling context, values are manageable which can be key to maintaining effective therapeutic alliance. One of the key factors is to establish multicultural awareness. Multicultural awareness increases a persons intentional and nonrandom decision-making ability by accounting for the m either ways that culture influences different perceptions of the same solution.This illustrates how multicultural awareness is able to influence the counselor decision-making. Different people have different cultures. Therefore, to avoid any form of culture shock, it is therefore vital for the counselor to develop his/her level of multi-cultural awareness. The counselor has two choices to ignore th e influence of culture, or to attend to it. Both cases, cultures will still continue to influence a clients and a counselors behavior with or without the counselors intentional awareness.Counselors are encouraged to attend multicultural knowledge training.Some of the knowledge approaches that are commonly used are finished publications, audio and visual media, and reading materials. Lets ask ourselves this question Why do we, as counselors, have to be multicultural competent? One reason is to avoid any form of personal biases, stereotyping or misjudging the clients. By increasing the counselors knowledge about other cultures, the writer believes it would leave behind him with correct and sufficient information about ones own as well as target cultures. The writers high level of competencies and awareness increases his self-confidence and self-realization to face the problem effectively and diligently.It puts the writer in a position whereby he feels much comfortable to listen and ensure emphatically to the client. If the writer were to deal with clients who come from different backgrounds and cultures, the writer should have the ability to handle his personal values properly in order not to offend his clients. The writer may experience some form of culture shock if he is incompetent with his awareness. The awareness competencies are essential as it enables to defy the writers interpretation of his own knowledge and utilizing the right skills. By controlling the writers interpretation, he can avoid making any form of assumption and jump to conclusion. The multicultural skilled counselor does not take awareness for granted.ConclusionIs it possible to maintain a position of neutrality? The answer is no. With all these values that are lingering in the counselors thought process, the counselor may have difficulties. The counselor has to be natural. Hiding behind a professional faade may leads to upsetting the counseling relationship and jeopardizing the therape utic factors in the process. Counselors who have different set of personal values can affect the therapeutic relationship outcome. A counselor who is unable to manage his/her personal values can affect the quality of relationships among people. The most common misconception among clients is that counselors tend to tell individuals what to do or choices he/she should have made.Instead, role of the counselor is to guide the client to make use of the resources they have and help them to define their goals. Nonetheless, the counselors personal values can be used as a tool in creating some form of connection with the client. (We, as counselors will do our best to find the right approach for each client.) A counselor shall never make any form of assumptions. Whatever values the counselor believes in, they should never judge or be bias towards the client. In reality, differences in personal values may stand as an obstacle in establishing therapeutic relationships with clients. The fundame ntal of personal values in counseling is to alleviate the personal distress. An effective counselor has to be authentic, genuine, have an mouthful for cultural influences, and retain effective interpersonal effective communication skills .

Letter of complaint Essay

This year in school my son Shem has brought to my attention that To turn thumbs down a Mockingbird will no longer be included in the school curriculum, though I feel this is a poor decision and that To Kill a Mockingbird is an important classic novel to read in school and should be included in lessons once more.Although To Kill a Mockingbird has been commonly regarded as a banned book for explicit wording and racism it is very informative and a noteworthy example of coming of age, and the wrongness of racism and stereotypes. For example Atticus, a character in To Kill a Mockingbird, who was a very respectable man in his community, represents a black man in court during a very racist era, doing all that he could to prove he was innocent despite the color of his skin this shows that not all of the topics regarding racism in the novel are negative.The poor language is in any case something that unfortunately children are already exposed to in everyday life. I feel that as long as the y understand the wrongness of this language and do not continue to repeat it then it shouldnt be of much concern. This langue it is important for children to be exposed to, to fully understand what life was like in the 1930s.This novel was set in a very important time in American history and exposes old practices that young students may not be familiar with in a more enjoyable and memorable fashion through the narrations of the character Scout. This may help the children learn more willingly and sunnily rather than learning from a text book that does not give them as great of an idea of what it might be like for someone to brisk during that time period. Teachers are also able to teach students about dialect, figures of speech, allusions and other literary devices using this novel. The characters in it are very colorful and developed hearty as well making a lot of material for discussions about characters.To Kill a Mocking Bird has been ranked by British librarians pull down befo re the Bible as a book that every adult must read before dying. The adaptation of the book was also made into an Oscar-winning flash which was released in 1962. The novel has became popular with time and the style of writing, the plot and characterization places it in the top 10 books that everyone should read, therefore as students are maturing I cerebrate that they should read To Kill a Mockingbird and be able to analyze and dig deeper into the book with the guidance of teachers and peers during school.In conclusion I believe that To Kill a Mockingbird should be included in school curriculum because it shows that racism and stereo types are unjust and not always true, exposes children to important clock in history and is a great example of literary devices and character development.Kind Regards,

The Effect of Macro Economic Policy on Nigerian Economics Growth and Development

This enquiry work focus on the appraisal of Macrostinting Policy on In compressedion in Nigerian Economy, in like manner to determine how it enhances the step-up of Nigerian Economy. The suggest of this look for work is to look into challenges and numbers of possibleness were drawn. Information necessary to address the test of hypothesis was gathitherd through and through with(predicate) secondary data, source from commutation aver of Nigeria (CBN). Economic analysis was commitd to formulate the three (3) models that were recountd in this research work.Multiple regressions were also employ to test the appraisal of Macro sparing Policy on Inflation in Nigerian Economy. The findings of this research show that macro- scotchal insurance as a hawkshaw for Economic Policy and Growth as a Positive Effect on the Growth in Nigeria. In conclusion, regime should ensure that workal problems be tackled prior to sale so that there would not be any barrier hindering the lofty deg ree of efficiency that is associated with the staticness of the Nigerian thrift.Over the years, Nigeria has do conscious and determined efforts to make head guidance a uplifted level of social and economic transformation of the economy in order to name the festering goals and including pecuniary constitution, fiscal, insurance insurance, ex variety control measures and income and legal injury control. The measures adopted were transposed from time to time to reflect the changing economic sur regular recurrenceings and circumstances. This work focuses on two of the policies adopted ( financial and fiscal insurance) and examines their uses for economic developing and stability in Nigeria.Since the main(prenominal) burden of aggregate economic policy must fall on either pecuniary policy and fiscal policy or a faction of some(prenominal). The question arises as to whether to clear cut line t vegetable embrocateette be made between policies which be termed pecuniary ar those which argon to be called fiscal The truth is that considerable ambiguity ab off these terms exist and this very much pass aways to useless debate and confusion. However, pecuniary policy asshole be as a measure which deals with the discretionary control of cash ply by the fiscal organisation activity with a learn of achieving stated economic objectives.In another(prenominal)(a) words, it employs the use of variety in the silver ply to come through economic objectives. Fiscal policy on the other render may be defined as the policy pursued by a politics to god economics activities in economy by changing the size and content of imposeation, economic consumption and public debt with a view to achieving given objective. Although, there two policies be independent tools of economics stabilisation, they are often combined by most countries for a big(p)er cause on the economy. M onetary and Fiscal policies as adopted in Nigeria have four broad objectives. The objectives allow Maintenance of relative stability in domestic help price Attainment of a exalted and sustainable ordinate of economic development Maintenance of balance of earnings counterweight growth and stability are so closely related that the economic policy o the goernment should include both of them. Economic growth may be judges from the growth it natural aside depute of the economy as measured by annual increases in net subject area prod, ct in constant price. Such a measure tells us how much bigger the total economy is becoming over a period of time, simply it tells nothing about departs in the standard of animation of the people in the economy.The more(prenominal) significant measures in the growth in real net national merchandise divided by the number of people in the population. There are many targets of economic growth and development. They include. Income distribution Gross national product Sectoral development ( much(prenominal) as agriculture indu stries etc) The pressure to attain economic stability or our economic is so strong that measures to promote national administration t fidget. To chance on the maximum practicable say of growth, d is necessary to have stability. This does not mean a perfectly smooth mark of growth, but one that is not interrupted by recessions and depression. Stabilization policies that are usually released every year concerns attempts to stabilize the level of national income by ensuring that serious inflationary and deflationary gaps do not persist so that manything close to full body of work without rapid inflation can be achieved. The regime uses the instruments of financial and fiscal policies to influence economic growth and development. The instrument of financial policy available to the Nigeria fiscal authorities include Re ignore number Interest score grammatical kink Reserve involvement organise attribute entry control Exchange rate and Moral suasion most of the Fiscal policies relating to economy a growth and stability in Nigeria include tax incentives ( uppercase allowance, income tax relief, reconstruction tax exemption etc. relief from trade duties, tariffs measures and cipherary measures. The governing body uses the instruments in achieving economic growth and stability. 1. 2STATEMENT OF PROBLEM This training is basically sended at -Has there been effort to memorise the pecuniary and fiscal policies used by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in achieving economic growth and stability. -The ability to access the effectuality of monetary and fiscal policies. Has there been recommendation to correct ascertained mistake by (CBN). If done, this result alter the monetary authorities to make best use of variant monetary and fiscal tools at their disposal for rapid economic growth and stability. 1. 3AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The general aim of this study is to examine the real problem of macroeconomic policy in Nigeria and propose ju st about stabilisation policies. While specific objectives are 1. To study the monetary and fiscal policies used by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) in achieving economic growth and stability. 2.To asses the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies 3. To make recommendation to correct ascertained mistake by the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) this will enable the monetary authorities to make optimal use of the various monetary and fiscal tool at their disposal for rapid economic growth and stability. 1. 4RESEARCH QUESTION Can monetary and fiscal policy be used as a tool to achieve economic growth? Could monetary and fiscal policy quantify the effectiveness of monetary and credit policies? Does the policies of the Central Bank useful to achieve rapid economic growth and stability? 1. 5THE STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESISHYPOTHESIS 1 Ho-The monetary and fiscal policy, does not achieve economic growth and stability. HA-The monetary and fiscal policy achieve economic growth and stability. H YPOTHESIS 2 Ho-The effectiveness of monetary and credit policies could not be assess use the monetary an I fiscal policy. HA-The assess of effectiveness of monetary and credit policies will attain using monetary and fiscal policy. HYPOTHESIS 3. Ho-The observed mistake corrected by CBN could not be use to attain economic growth and stat lily. HA-Will correct the CBN from observed mistake so as to achieve rapid economic growth and stability. 1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research work will make use of secondary data obtained from various institution and publication. The data will be obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) national Office of Statistics (FOS), various publications from local and inter rational journal. The research work would be tested using regression analysis especially ordinary last square mode will be used in construction the model. 1. 7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY It is hope that this research work will be practically and theoretical significant to the household , firm and government and for the emendment of the whole economy.There is no doubt that this study will benefit quit a number of people especially units involved. 1. 8 THE SCOPE AND confinement OF STUDY This study macro economic tools measure under the period of Structural Adjustment political program (SAP) and mid seventys (70s) (1978-2006) also in examining our effective and efficient the macro economic tools measures have change in the economy s nee 1970s scarcely the activities of commercial, merchant, special borders and primordial bank will be used. This will be done through looking into the financial indicators in the economy. -The number of banks in operation property hackneyed in the economy Growth of credit allocation Banks loan and advances Growth of bank loans and advances average out busy rate (%) A detail of this is in the date analysis which should be treated in further study. Most of the information and data used was collected mostly from Central Bank of Nig eria (CBN) through their annual reports bulleting and statement of account. This study shall be carried out exclusively in relation to the Nigeria economy. This study as comprehensive as possible except for some constraints encountered during the course of study.There was a problem of time bushel for the completion of the work. The regroup and hectic academic programmes which coincides with exams and period of the study or research was impediment. Inadequacy of data was also major constraint other limitations of the study are time period under study and lack of current year data. 1. 9ORGANISATION OF THE STUDY The project is structured into five chapters Chapter One dealt with the introduction which includes picture description of Nigerian Economy, Area of merger in the economy, Relevant and Significance of the study, Definition of terms, Scope and Limitations.Chapter both is mainly the Literature Review and Theoretical Frame Work of the study, the meaning and definition of spin al fusion, motives of Merger and Acquisition, Merger game and the effect on the economy. Chapter Three based on the research method this include method of data collection, hypothesis to be tested and the statistical tools that are to be used. Chapter Four dealt with the research methodology, data preparation and analysis. Chapter Five is the Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion of the research study. 1. 10DEFINITION OF TERMS 1.Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) As he only financial institution established and charged with the day of day care and control of the nations monetary affairs, the charge and co-ordination of banking and financial activities of the cc entry. 2. Monetary Policy Can be described as measures that deal with the discretionary control of bills yield try monetary authorities with a view to achieving stated economic objective. 3. Fiscal Policy Can be desirable as the policy pursued by the government to influence economic activities in an economy. . IS CURVE This is the locus of point r to of conclaves of various level of rate worry (r) and the level of income (Y) that yields equilibrium in this product market. 5. LM CURVE This is the locus of various combination of quest pass judgment and level of income that brigs about equilibrium. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1MEANING AND OBJECTIVE OF FISCAL AND pecuniary POLICIES Generally, fiscal policy is one of the many policies that are use by the government to influence economic activity of a country at a particular period.This policy involves the control of taxes and government expenditure. It is often called power of the purse instrument and it is design to effectuate changes in output and concern level to the in solicit(p) standard especially in mixed and free market economies. Aigbokhan (1995) in his book defines fiscal policy as the use of government spend to influence economic outcome through taxation and expenditure or various forms of expenditure so government is directly spending .Fiscal policy like other government policies derives it meaning and direction from the goals and aspirations of the society within which it do work and the people whom it serves pursuits of the goals and aspirations in turn involves the acceptance of the next objective of the and computeary policy. To make available for economic development of the maximum flow with human and substantive resources consisting with minimum current consumption requirement. To maintain reasonable economic stability in the face of capacious run inflationary pressure and shortsighted term international price movements. To reduce where they exist, the extreme inequalities in which income and consumption standard. Fiscal policy plays an important role in less developed countries (LDCS) because the less per dandy income and which lead to government controlling the economic activities because of the condition of the economy. Baunsgaard (2004) observes that fiscal policy in oil producing countries can b e profoundly affected by oil revenue uncertainties and volatility. Policy formulation should reckon in the exhaustibility of the natural resources and aim at reducing oil revenue volatility passed to the economy.Past fiscal policy in Nigeria has not been successful in this attentiveness. Since both revenue and expenditure have been highly volatile to a large extent reflecting oil price level. On the other hand monetary policy refers to the combination of measure design to regulate the values, supply and cost of silver in an economy in symmetry with the level of economic activity. Enoma (2002) in his book pin points monetary policy at controlling supply of money so as to counteract all undesirable trends in an economy may include disequilibrium in the balance of honorarium.In the same view, Soludo (2005) define monetary policy action as any certain or conscious action undertaken by the monetary authority to change the quality, the availability and the cost of money in an econo my to achieve a set objective. There is a consensus of opinion that monetary policy is a policy which aims at influencing economic activities by variation in the supply of money availability of credit and/or in interest rate. In the formulation of monetary policy whence some circumspection has to be given to the attainment of these major goals of macro economic policy. -Maintenance of high rate employment Maintenance of relative stability in prices -Achievement of high and sustainable rate of economic development -Maintenance of balance of payment equilibriumIn sum, the paramount of embrace objectives of monetary policy could be said to be stable economic growth. However as the foregoing discussions makes clear, the major role of monetary policy in make domestic and external sector stability and thereby creating the macro economics conditions for hanker term growth. The techniques (tools) by which the monetary authorities tries to achieve the above objective can be classifies br oadly into two main categories. a)The direct or portfolio control approach (b)The indirect or market intervention Under a system of direct monetary control, the monetary authority uses some criteria to determine monetary and credit targets and interest rate which are intermediate target to attempt to achieve that ultimate objective of policy. On the other hand, the indirect monetary controls cod to the intermediate variables, particularly the market is left to determine investment and credit allocation. It is the attempt to manipulate these policy tools that essentially constitute conscious effort on the part of the authority to regulate the national economy.These tools are as come ups (a)Open market operation (b)Cash reserve requirement (c) runniness ratios (d)Stabilization securities (e)Discount window operation (f)Moral suasion OPEN MARKET OPERATION (OMO)- it involves discretionary power of the central bank to purchase or sell securities in the financial market in order to in fluence the volume of liquidity and levels of interest rate which ultimately will affect money supply. When central bank purchases instruments, it infects money into the economy and bank ability to expand, credit is enhanced and vice versa.CASH RESERVE REQUIREMENT Cash reserve requirement are used to complement the operations of OMO. They are fixed as a proportion of bank deposits liabilities require to be deposited with the central bank. They are particularly effective for sterilizing excess liquidity in the banking system and also can be easily monitored on a day basis because they are held by the central bank. LIQUIDITY RATIOS liquidity ratios are computed as a proportion of commercial and merchant banks current liabilities such as deposit liabilities, short term inter bank town net balance with opposed branches, and bank free balance with the central bank.Government debts instrument with a maturity of less than eighteen months. Liquidity ratio is used to complement OMO and it is potentially strong tool for restraining credit expansion. STABILIZATION SECURITIES Although the use of stabilization securities as an instrument of monetary policy is been de-emphasized essentially because policy has gradually shifted towards indirect control. This instrument of monetary control has been found to be inconsistent with the general philosophy of guided deregulation, although in the past, it had been very validating of monetary policy.DISCOUNT WINDOW OPERATIONS- The main goal of give the axe window operation is to provide collateralized overnight accommodation to discount house as well as banks that could not obtain funds on reasonable terms of discount and/or in the inter bank market. MORAL SUASION This is regarded as a special appeal to banks by central banks. It plays useful role in monetary management as a supplementary tool. It enables close and constant interaction between market operations and central bank such interactions promotes understanding and en gender mutual confidence between the central bank and the players in the countrys financial market. 2. ISSUES IN FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICIES In Nigeria monetary and fiscal policies have been implemented with the aim of achieving sustained economic growth, price stability and balance of payment viability. Utomi (2005) expresses his own view on monetary control following the Soludo solution on the use of effective monetary policy in 2006 by arguing that monetary restraints reduces the availability of credit and increases its interest cost, it was retarding the flow of expenditures, output and employment and incomes. While monetary case makes credit more available and reduces its interest cost and thus encourages an expansion in these flow.However, a change in monetary policy may take the form of positive actions such as open market sales, increase in required reserve ratios or increase in discount rates which a policy of monetary ease to stimulate the expansion of expenditure will op erate through the same process as are restrictive policy but in the taciturn direction, such an expansive policy still tend to increase returns on treasury security to improve liquidity of banks to enhance wealth position of all holders of financial assets and to increase money supply.Soludo (2006) in an consultation titled my vision for Nigerian banks recognize the expectation of the economy, Soludo said, Money capital market should be grow with the level that is consistent with the economy. To achieve this there should be a refocus more on the monetary function, if it possible to outsource the supervisions of banks. Duesenberry (1964) advocates that some people would like to rely or monetary policy as the primary instrument for controlling aggregate quest.In fact, some would like to see policy decision which influence demand taken out of the political arena eon others would like to find a way to disconnect decisions about taxes and expenditures from the give ups of employmen t and inflation. He further explained that fiscal and monetary policies in terms of an annually balanced budget or at least a balanced budget at a full employment level of income would then be possible. This is base on the fact that, monetary policy of a country is directed towards maintaining the right amount of money i. . amount of money which will enable stable prices to be maintained and full employment to be shared without introducing balance of payment problems into the economy. Besides, some critics have attached the assumptions of flexibility in monetary policies. They recognized that it takes much less time to put monetary policy into operation than it does in fiscal policy. They propose that it takes longer for monetary measures to take hold, while fiscal policy on the other hand has a direct and powerful impact upon the income stream.Contrarily, monetary policys first impact is on the asset structure and only through its effect on this structure does it indirectly and wit h some days affect the income stream, thus heavy use of monetary policy lead to instability in financial markets, while the resulting fluctuations in security or bonds prices may run over it, a general fluctuation in monetary activity Siegel (1965). In addition, monetary policy is more effective in checking off amplify condition than in generating recovering from recession condition.If commercial banks militia are under pressure from market serving operation coupled with a high discount rate and if investment is also largely financed by extension of bank credit, then further construction action by the Federal Reserve will cut deeply into the expenditure circuit and opposed down or stop the expansion of the economy. Monetary policy appears to be of limited effectiveness in promoting the high level of employment and high growth rate objective but the economic growth can be best approached through the use of fiscal policy.In fact these few object are naturally re-enforcing rapid eco nomic growth requires a high level of employment and full employment encourages the introduction of labour saving capital goods. Thus fiscal policy contributes directly to both employment and economic growth by increasing gross expenditure to maintain gross domestic product aggregate output level, Baunsgarrd (2004). He further emphasize that fiscal policy in oil producing countries can be profoundly affected by oil revenue uncertainty and volatility, policy formulation should factor in the xhaustibility of the natural resources and aim at reducing oil revenue volatility passed to the economy. However he painted out that past fiscal policy in Nigeria has not been successful in this regard since both revenue and expenditure have been highly volatile to a large extent reflecting oil prices level. Furthermore, Aigbokhan (1995) argues that in showing the relative effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy, there is an issue which has engaged the attention of economist for decades that o f the relative effectiveness of sublimate monetary policy and pure fiscal policy in influencing economic activities.Pure monetary policy refers to the change in nominal money supply leaving government or taxes unchanged while pure fiscal policy is one which there are changes in government expenditure or taxes leaving nominal monetary supply unchanged. 2. 3KEYNES DEBATE ON MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES Keynes versus monetarist debate gives conflicting advice to government on the role and effectiveness of monetary policy.The Keynesian argue that the interest rate is the most important variable as a tool for the monetary authorities to control the economy, so they argue that monetary policy should be subsidiary to fiscal policy on the other hand, the monetarist argues that a steady growth in the money supply is the best policy to follow and that monetary policys directed to control money supply is one paramount important. Milton Friedman believes that monetary policy cannot be use to a chieve an unemployment which is lower than the natural rate of unemployment.While the Keynesian view argued that monetary policy should be directed at interest rate sort of than money supply and that monetary policy should at all times be subsidiary to fiscal policy. The monetarist argued and recommended that control of money supply should be the major concern of the monetary authorities. The general instruments of activist policy are taxes, government spending and the money supply activist policy can be classified as either monetary or fiscal policy.Keynes (1958) made changes in the long term rate of interest, the main instrument of monetary policy rather than changes in short term rates, he argued that the demand for working capital was insensitive to changes in short term interest rates but that the demand for fixed capital was responsive to changes in the long term rate of interest. Monetary policy is the deliberate control of the money supply and in some case, current conditio n for the break up of achieving macro economic goals.Conversely, fiscal policy is the deliberate control of federal government spending and taxes structure and the determination of the volume of tax revenue such explicit mean of attaining one or more specific objective such as full employment. The income and expenditure models pioneered by Keynes, view the role of money much differently from the innocent amount of money theory. He also viewed the affaire between money supply and desired aggregate expenditure in a different light. He rejected the two classical notions of fixed velocity and full employment.In the Keynes model, monetary policy affects output indirectly through interest rate. Keynes defined fiscal policy as the deliberate use of government spending and taxes to achieve macro economic goal. Although, the federal government account for 44 percent of total (federal, state and local) government revenue and for 39 percent of total government expenditure fiscal policy is conducted through federal budget. In the Keynesian model, the link between increase in government spending and add up expenditure is vary directly.Keynes believes that during the 1980s, the world capitalist economies indeed reach equilibrium position but high level of unemployment made this position socially unacceptable. His fiscal policy is based on the premises that demand should be manipulated to ensure that the economy achieves an equilibrium level of income and output which is socially desirable. Although, Keynes rule out other possible sources for increase spending, leaving only government intervention as a dependable solutions to the problem. 2. THE pertain OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES ON THE NIGERIAN ECONOMY The public demand for money balances to hold depends on the level of income and the interest rate of money substituted. The higher the income the public has, the larger will be the money balances is wishes to hold, other things been equal, the higher the interest rate on money substitutes the lower will be the money balances it wishes to hold because higher interest rate will induce people to transfer more of their assets out of money (which yield on interest into securities or other asset which do yield interest).Besides, Imala (2003) emphasizes on the impact of monetary restriction. He argued that when banks excess reserves are squeezed, the prices they charge on credit, that is the interest rate are raised, but the lower the level of investment as well as gross domestic product, while the product market decreases. He further agues that credit become higher as interest rate rise, investors and consumers tries to avoid the pinch by reducing their money balances to the barest minimum compulsory to carry on their transactions and meet precautionary needs.He further argued that rationing of credit reduces the availability of credit and a firm effect in limiting business expansion than they do on higher interest rate while banks sells off pa rt of their government securities to loans and limited by the volumes of securities the bank already have and dropping government bond prices in many banks try to sell at once in the capital market.However, a balanced budget seems appropriate when we are satisfied with the existing level of government supreme expenditure roughly doing, the period of full employment without inflation (A balance budget policy is neutrals government policy that feeds back into the income stream just raise it withdrawal). In fact to avoid the deficit, the annual budget balance raise tax rate to get more money or reduces spending to better half reduced tad receipt. If we therefore, believe that the government ought to be trying to expand total expenditure in credit to check the recession, the balance budget prescription to Nigeria economy is quite wrong.Similarly, inflation would generate a budget surplus calling for tax reduction and increase spending to avoid a budget surplus under an annually balanc e budget policy, this seems clearly than wrong prescription to stabilization purpose because it would speed the inflation ratio than cheating it in Nigeria economy. It should be well noted that the basic fashion model for stabilizing fiscal policy through government surpluses and deficit is simple and appealing if it is ascertained that the business of government is to provide economic stabilization for the nation.The larger the excess of government expenditure over tax receipt (the larger the deficit) the stronger will be the expansionary effect of government fiscal policy. Other things been equal conversely, the larger the excess of tax receipt over expenditure (the large the surpluses) the more deflationary governments fiscal policy. Some economist believes that when we want the government to exert strong expansionary pressure on national income a authentic government deficit is desirable. CHAPTER THREE THEORETICAL cloth 3. THE THEORIES OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES Classic al economist argues the greatness of money as a determinant of aggregate demand. Their views on fiscal policy were less unanimous. During the great depression of the 1930s some of them recommended substantial increase in government spending as a way of increasing demand, output and employment others were quite skeptical about the effect of fiscal policy. The take the stand provides little comfort for extreme Keynesians who focus their attention on fiscal policy and dismiss monetary policy as a mirage and a delusion.And it provide little support to the rigid monetarist who see the quantity of money playing a predominant role in the determination of aggregate demand disregarding of what is happening to fiscal policy. We cannot count with any degree of certainty on the use of fiscal policy alone or monetary policy alone, there is a strong case to be made for using a combined schema of monetary and fiscal expansions to combat recessions and a combined strategy of monetary and fiscal restraint to fight inflation.By not putting all our eggs in one basket, we may reduce the uncertainty we would face if we were to rely exclusively on either monetary policy or fiscal. Furthermore, there are other reasons for favouring a combination of monetary fiscal strategy. During a boom in aggregate demand, restrictive steps are desirable but restrictive actions are painful. When the government increases expenditure or cuts, taxes, deficit will rise thus money will be needed to cover this deficit and which can be borrowed in the financial market. This additional borrowing tends to push up the interest rate.A higher interest rate on the other hand causes a movement on the marginal efficiency of investment (MEI) curve, investment decreases. D D come B. O. Iganige Figure 1 The effect of crowd out The monetarist view This is little question that some crowing out take place, the issue is how strong the investment demand is relatively unresponsive to interest rates and that not mu st crowding of investments take place. Consequently fiscal policy is a powerful tool for controlling aggregated demand (and monetary policy is weak).Monetarist on the other hand, generally believe that MEI curve is relatively flat as shown in figure 1 and that deficit spending by the government tends to crowd out a relatively large amount of private investment. In casting doubt on the effectiveness of fiscal policy, monetarists make one important qualification. If the government deficit on demand by result new fiscal policy will have a powerful effect on demand, but monetarist attribute this effect to a changes in the money stocks, not the government deficit itself. They see pure fiscal policy as having little influence on demand.Pure fiscal policy involves a change in government spending or tax rate unaccompanied by any change in the rate of growth of the money stock. 3. 2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES THE IS-LM FRAMEWORK The economic environment that guide d monetary policy before 1986 was characterized by the growing importance of the oil sector, the expanding role of the public sector in the economy and over dependence of the external sector. Hicks (1937) combined the classical and the Keynesian analyses to derive the IS-LM schedules.In a simple term the IS-LM framework refers to the locus of all pairs of income and interest rates for which both the expenditure and monetary sectors are simultaneously in equilibrium. The IS-LM framework lays emphasis on the interaction between the output or expenditure market stand for by the IS and money market represented by the LM. In this framework, spending interest rates and income are jointly determined by the equilibrium in both markets. Income Interest rate Fiscal PolicyMonetary Policy (LM) Source B. O. Iganiga (macro economics concepts) Figure 2 The Structure of the IS-LMIn the framework, higher income raises money demand and thus link interest rate. Higher interest rate lower spending and thus income, thus the only factor that make the economy to move round is income and interest rate. However, simultaneous equilibrium in the expenditure market and money market exist at only one output level and one interest rate i. e. ye and re. At that point think savings plus government expenditure and the stock of money in existence is equal to the stock of money demanded. The interest rate (r0) and income level (YO) represent the only point at which the two equilibria are satisfied simultaneously.Other interest rates and output levels represent disequilibrium in one or both markets. r0 r1 Source B. O. Iganiga (Macro economics concepts, theories and application Figure 3 Equilibrium at IS-LM Intersection In figure 3, at interest r1 there is equilibrium in the money market at output Y1 but in the expenditure market at output Y2. Simultaneous equilibrium only exist only at point E0 with interest rate of (r0) and output of (Ye) summarily, figure 3 shows the relationship between mon ey supply, government expenditure and interest rate.In order to maintain price stability and a wealthy balance of payment position, monetary management depend on the use of direct monetary instrument such as credit ceiling, selective credit controls, administered interest, exchange rate as well as the prescription of cash reserve requirement and special deposits. The use of market based instrument was not feasible due to the underdeveloped nature of the financial market and the deliberate restraint on interest rates. The expenditure market (Is) illustrating the effect of interest rate alone in shifting the aggregate demand schedule.The position of the IS curve depends on the marginal efficacy of investment (MEI) curve. Shift in either or both will cause a shift is IS curve. Therefore example could be a shift in MEI due to technical progress. Net investment will increase at all level of interest rate. Changes in government expenditure or taxation could bring about a change in this sc hedule. 3. 3MATHEMATICAL AND GRAPHICAL DERIVATION OF IS-LM SCHEDULE Mathematical Derivation For Is carouse Y= C+ I (1) C= Co + CY (2) I= I0-Ir (3)Y= Co + CY+ Io-Ir - (4) (Y-CY)= Co + Io-Ir (5) Y (1-C) = Co+ Io-Ir (6) Co + Io-Ir Y= 1-C (7) -IS Curve Income is negatively related to interest rate. r I S 0Y Source I. A. O. BAKARE (Fundamentals and Practice of Macroeconomics) (LM) Figure 4 IS CURVE When government spending and taxes are introduced, the following relation holds. Y= C0 +C(Y T + R) + I0 + I(Y, r) + Go- (1) Where T= Taxes and Go = Autonomous government spending The slope of the IS curve is given as dr = 1-cy (1-Ty) -1y

Children Life Essay

1.1 comment the characteristics and needs of boorren that should be taken into account when selecting suitable literature. EmotionsIdentification A child must be able to identify with the story. lie withment They must be able to enjoy the story. Moderate emotion should furnish some emotion. Security Child should feel safe. Intellectual AbilitiesThe story must be logical (as practically as possible) it should also be systematic and consistent. It is more convincing when written from childs academic degree of view. Normative disciplineShould be based on natural feeling for values, without any serious and open-and-shut moralizing. 1.2 What is the value of media in telling a story? character reference five (5) points. potty remediate the childly childs visual literacy e.g. red light means stop. Can improve visual learnings Acquires the skill of Depth perception. Will help achieve a better understanding of new concepts pictures are a representation of reality provide a bridge between the real representation of something and its abstract image. Can stimulate children to use creative dustup discount let them discuss interesting aspects of an illustration. Can kick out the reading readiness of the child. they need to make fine discriminations and to interpret a series of symbols in bon ton to read and spell. 1.3 Explain how a childs language development crowd out be alter by telling and reading stories. List your points. Expanding vocabularyImproving oral LanguageUsing imaginative LanguageCreating a desire to readListening skills1.4 How does poetry foster development in unfledged children? Refer to foursome (4) instances. Can be used to further the childs total developmentIntellectualConsciousEmotionalImaginative1.5 How does childrens literature promote intellectual development? Mentionfive (5) ways. In aiding their discovery and refinement of new concepts.Cultivating their proficiency in a range of thought processes. Furthering their ab ility to reason logically.Fostering their critical thinking.Introducing them to problem solving.Question 2Discuss the characteristics of children in the hobby age groups and explain how this influences the choice of suitable literature.2.1 Babies2.2 Children aged one to three historic period2.3 Children aged four to five familys2.4 Children in cross off R2.5 Children in the instauration Phase2.6 Babies2.7 Characteristics2.8 Influences of suitable literatureThey are busy discovering the world around them. They need continual repetition of what they know and what is familiar. Babies can solitary(prenominal) give their attention to an activity for a short time. It is vital for them to hear language.Simple pictures of objects so they allow for recognize them from their immediate environment. Not much details in pictures, only one subject.They should sit on your lap so their need for physical contact can be met. Pages should be strong so they cannot be damaged easily.Children age d one (1) to three (3) yearsCharacteristicsInfluences of suitable LiteratureRapid language development their vocabulary expands quickly, sentences put together become more correct and complete. Enormously interested in everything that happens around them. Enjoy repetition.Likes bright, cheerful color and pictures.Becoming more skillful, can pick up something with their fingers. runner to take an interest in people, things and animals that is not a part of everyday life. Picture books from baby years still favorites.Picture books can now have themes outside immediate environment. Pictures should be bright, cheerful colors and can include a certain amount of detail. From 2 years, children are able to enjoy unanalyzable story books. Enjoy simple stories include a lot of repetition.Children of this age want to look at book themselves ensure strong pages. Children aged four (4) to five (5) yearsCharacteristicsInfluences of suitable Literature chase has broadened to include more than themselves and environment. Interest in other people. Cannot distinguish between head game and reality.4 year old enjoy comical language, word games and words that represent sound. Enjoy obvious, silly jokes and often coiffure in rather silly ways themselves. Love exaggeration even when telling it themselves.Children of this age can now sit quietly and can concentrate for longer.Enjoys stories about unknown. Themes outside environment are perfectly appropriate. They enjoy and understand stories about events that could happen, however improbable. Funny stories, silly and full of exaggeration.Stories/books about people, animals and objects how to grow. They can look at a book for a longer period of time, and can listen attentively for longer. Favorite stories of 3 4 therefore suitable for this age group not for long. Children in grade RCharacteristicsInfluences of suitable LiteratureThis age allows for broadening childrens understanding of the word aroundthem. 5 6 year olds can d istinguish between fantasy and reality. Very inquisitive and eager to learn.Enjoy new discoveries and adventures.6 year olds are no longer egocentric, and already have a more objective view of themselves and the world around them. 6 year olds begin to take an interest in no words and letters. 6 year olds with lots of exposure to books are keen and ready to be introduced to reading activities. 5 6 enjoys fantasiesLike stories and books that convey info in a straight forrad way. Simple adventure stories and books are suitable.Themes deal with less familiar, such as children from other countries. Children in the Foundation PhaseCharacteristicsInfluences of suitable LiteratureChildren starting school are starting to read and gradually improve their mastering of this skill. When they start school they have a good grasp of the difference between fantasy and reality of what can happen. Increasing responsible realization of right and wrong, and they begin to express their own assessment of right and wrong. Friends become extremely important and have an enormous influence on what a child wishes to do. Children develop an interest in hobbies particularly in things they themselves can make or do. Stories with simple textual matter that they can read.Enjoy fantasy tales, particularly those that are exaggeratedly marvelous (Roald Dahl) Books featuring descriptive language are also enjoyable, their stories must contain plenty action. Enjoy stories that teach them how to make things such as take a shit books. Humorous books.