Effect of temperature on rate of reaction :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction Aim: To find out if the temperature increases the rate of reaction of two chemicals. Prediction: My prediction is that the higher the temperature is the faster the rate of the reaction will be. Equipment: Hot water, thermometer, flask, cold water, stopwatch, tissue paper, paper with ‘X’ marked on it, safety glasses, measuring cylinder, large beaker, sodium thiosulphate, hydrochloric acid. Method: The experiment has to be done five times for the five different temperatures of the sodium thiosulphate. The temperatures are: 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C To start the experiments fill the flask with 50cm ³ of sodium thiosulphate into the large beaker. Fill the large beaker up with the water of right temperature that is required for the experiment. Put the thermometer into the flask with sodium thiosulphate and check the temperature is right for the experiment. If the water is too cold, in the large beaker pour in some more hot water or if it is too hot pour in some cold water to reach the required temperature for the sodium thiosulphate. Once the sodium thiosulphate is the right temperature, take it out of the water, wipe the bottom of the flask with tissue paper and place it onto the piece of paper with ‘X’ marked on it. Now measure 5cm ³ of hydrochloric acid in the measuring cylinder. Then pour the hydrochloric acid into the sodium thiosulphate, at this moment start timing with the stopwatch and keep timing until you cannot see the ‘X’ mark through the liquid. Make sure you wear safety glasses and handle the acid carefully. Fair Test: To make this investigation fair you have to make sure you use the same concentration of hydrochloric acid for all experiments. You also have to make sure you use the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate for all the experiments. Also make sure you time the experiments accurately. Observation: My observation was that when the temperature of the sodium thiosulphate was higher the solution turned cloudy quicker. Results: -------------------------------------------- Temperature ( °C) Time for cross to disappear (minutes) 20 2.49 30 1.

The Death Penalty

The Death Penalty â€Å"If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. † (McAdams) The death penalty should be legalized in all fifty states, to avert from crime, keep repeat offenders off of the streets, and to reduce taxpayers the cost of keeping those found guilty of heinous crimes in prison low. The death penalty can in fact deter heinous crimes from being committed when it is lawful in a state. Social scientists have stated that the act of general deterrence, which is when the punishment deters potential criminals from committing crimes, keeps criminals from going through with crimes. However, it is more shown that premeditated crimes are usually the ones stopped by general deterrence, not crimes under passion. Heinous crimes have been reduced highly in the states that have a capital punishment law. The death penalty keeps repeat offenders off of the streets. In Michigan a case that represents this happened; â€Å"A man who was hired by Honeywell Inc. , after serving four years in prison for strangling a co-worker has been charged with killing another co-worker and a woman he allegedly stalked and threatened for weeks† (Sullum personal file). Had the death penalty been allowed in Michigan the woman’s life could have been sparred, for the male who murdered her would have been executed long before and never had the chance to murder her. The death penalty may be a long process, but it does not give those on death row a hope of parole. By having the heinous criminals in prisons on death row keeps them from repeating crimes. In five out of seven cases it is said that criminals will once again commit crimes once released from prison of jail. The death penalty keeps the criminals in jail and executes them. This protects the general public from murderous crimes from repeat offenders. The death penalty also keeps taxpayers costs low, because the prison looses members in which the state taxes would have to pay for. The citizens of the state pay for the prisoners, and my eliminating the criminals jailed for heinous crimes reduces cost by a high percent. The average cost per year per prison is about $1 billion. By enforcing the death penalty and making it lawful can reduce that cost by almost half. Half does not sound like much in such large terms, but in reality it is an immense amount of money that the taxpayers can be using somewhere else. Struggling families still have to pay for imprisoned criminals and the death penalty can in turn have more money in that home, because it would not be put towards the prison. There is another side to the death penalty, however. Most people believe the death penalty is immoral and unjust. Some say that the idea of â€Å"an eye for an eye† should not apply to the death penalty. Capital punishment is still an act of murder, which is punishable by law. This is a major argument of those against capital punishment. There are also religious views that keep many opposed of the death penalty. Christians view the death penalty as wrong because of the fact that killing a killer is still killing, which is a sin that breaks one of the Ten Commandments. The large population of Christians in the United States keeps the vote against capital punishment high, because this nation was built on that faith and it is also the highest religion in the nation. The death penalty keeps taxpayers cost low, keeps repeat offenders off of the street, and deters heinous crime, and therefore should be made lawful in all fifty states of the United States of America. The Death Penalty The Death Penalty: It is Never Justified A young man has been charged with the brutal murder of a seventeen year old girl after raping and mutilating her body. This crime was so heinous and unthinkable that the only punishment that seems to fit the crime is capital punishment; there is merely one problem†the man convicted is innocent. The public is so caught up in bringing Justice to the murdered girl that through capital punishment more injustice is brought into the world and the life of another innocent being is taken. There is no going back and undoing the mistake.There is no undoing in the matter of death. The accidental murder of an innocent person through the death penalty is Just one way in which the death penalty is a completely unethical, flawed, and unjustified form of punishment. Problems associated with the death penalty such as it being inhumane, discriminatory, and an unfair form of punishment, are reasons that capital punishment is never the answer to aggravated murder [claim]. The death penalty is extremely inhumane. Three common techniques used to perform the sentence include the electric chair, gas chambers, and lethal injection.Supporters of the death penalty argue that modern science has eliminated the factor of pain by lethal injection [rebuttal], but how can this truly be proved? The scientific journal the Nature Publishing Group [backing] reported that almost half the prisoners are still conscious although paralyzed during the lethal injection as the drug stops the heart. The NPG then goes on to state, â€Å"If suitably qualified individuals refuse to help prepare a new protocol, the state will face the prospect of continuing to use amateurs to kill people with arbitrary and outmoded technology' (â€Å"Amateur† 2) [evidence].Dying is a painful thing. The punishment of death is already extreme, but the fact that the prisoner is being put down with chemicals that aren't even provided by physicians or scientists is cruel and la cks any compassion. Andrew Stephen, the United States editor of the New Statesman magazine which reports on current affairs, [backing] also explained the inhumanity of the most humane form of capital punishment: lethal injection. Stephen explained how the potassium chloride used in the injection causes excruciating pain as it makes its way through the veins and into the heart to kill the person.Stephen follows this by stating, â€Å"The American Veterinary Medical Association even issued guidelines in 2002 saying that the mix was unacceptable for putting dogs and cats, let alone humans, to sleep† (Stephen 33) [evidence]. How can a democracy in the U. S. which stands for Justice possibly support this blatantly inhumane form of punishment that isn't even suitable for animals? There is no way to properly kill a human being, it is immoral and unjust not matter who it is done to, and therefore does not hold a place in the U. S. Jurisdiction.The death penalty can also be very arbit rary or random in the sense that there is ot a set standard for everyone who commits murder to be sentenced to death. It makes little sense how some prisoners who are convicted of terrible murders get the privilege of living while others who did not murder in cold blood do not get the opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption. The cause of such arbitrariness can be attributed to discrimination. David Bruck, who was a Harvard and University of South Carolina graduate, served as a lawyer detending those charged witn capita punishment [backing].Bruck illustrates how unfair capital punishment is in an essay he wrote for The New Republic magazine. Bruck explains how a man from Louisiana named Ernest Knighton killed a gas station owner while robbing the gas station. This is of course a terrible crime; however, the crime was not premeditated and pales in comparison to other gruesome murders, yet somehow Knighton was chosen to be executed. This may be explained by the fact that Knighton was black, the victim was white, the Jury at his hearing was entirely white, and he lacked sufficient defense.In other words, discrimination was a factor. Bruck explains this execution by stating, â€Å"Ernest Knighton was picked out to die the way a fisherman takes a cricket out of a ait Jar. No one cares which cricket gets impaled on the hook† (Bruck NPA) [evidence]. There were clearly more threatening murderers out there than Knighton, but Knighton was chosen to die. The chance that this kind of discrimination will continue is entirely possible [modal qualifier] and illustrates the faults in the system of capital punishment.However, in cases such as capital punishment where death is involved, there is no room for faults. Life is a precious gift not to be taken lightly. Money also seems to be a discriminatory factor in the death penalty, as rich eople are more likely to avoid the death penalty than are poor people who cannot afford proper defense. A rich murderer's life is no more valuable than the life of a poor murderer, yet the chance of survival for a poor man is much lower than that of a rich man. This harsh fact is unfair.Scott Phillips author for the Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology [backing] writes, â€Å"As Former Supreme Court Justice William Douglas, for example, noted: ‘One searches our chronicles in vain for the execution of any member of the affluent strata of this society† (Phillips 718) [evidence]. It is efinitely plausible [modal qualifier] that the people who have money are the ones who can afford the best defense and therefore avoid the death penalty. It hardly seems fair that the rich get to live over the poor not because of innocence, but because of the size of their wallets.Two wrongs do not make a right under the conditions of murder. The system of capital punishment is obviously defective as it discriminates and seemingly picks its victims at random, risking the possibility of killing even the innocent. Advoc ates of the death penalty argue that it is the only form of punishment that is orthy of murder [rebuttal]. This is an â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality. Edward Koch, the former mayor of New York [backing], supported this mentality by stating, â€Å".. it can be easily demonstrated that the death penalty strengthens the value of human life. If the penalty for rape were lowered, clearly it would signal a lessened regard for the victim's suffering.. .When we lower the penalty for murder, it signals a lessened regard for the value of the victim's life† (Koch NPA) [evidence]. Koch's statement is a fallacy of a false analogy and is therefore not plausible [modal qualifier]. No two rimes can really be compared to each other. Rape and murder are admittedly two very horrific offenses, but are in no way the same.We do not rape the criminals charged of rape to show them how it feels, nor should we kill the criminals charged of murder. Killing the prisoner makes us no better than th e prisoner himself. Instead of capital punishment, there should be harsher punishments in Jail for those convicted of murder, Just as those convicted of rape have harsher punishments than those convicted ot tnett. Another argument supporters of the death penalty like to utilize is that killing a uman being is okay because it is done by the state, which has more rights, rather than an individual [rebuttal].Koch makes the point when he writes, â€Å"The execution of a lawfully condemned killer is no more an act of murder than is legal imprisonment an act of kidnapping†¦ Rights and responsibilities surrendered by the individual are what give the state the power to govern† ( Koch NPA) [evidence]. This is once again a fallacy of a false analogy. Of course legal imprisonment is not kidnapping, because it is an agreed upon punishment by the people of a democracy for those who have roken the laws of society. On the contrary, capital punishment is not entirely agreed upon because this punishment is too harsh.Capital punishment is not necessary to govern its people; if the state must resort to the killing of individuals by the death penalty which has already been proven faulty, there are greater issues at hand. In the end, those who wish for capital punishment aren't really wishing for Justice, or to keep order. Justice and order can be achieved with without the killing of prisoners. It is rather unjust to inflict the death penalty, its only purpose to serve as a orm of bitter revenge that one can only hope will avenge the death of the lost person.However, it is not the place of the state to take revenge, but to bring Justice. Justice needs to be fair, humane, morally sound, and it needs to be reasonable. The death penalty in no way fits into any of those descriptions. This is a topic that should concern everyone. If the people of the United States allow for the death penalty, and the legal system makes a completely possible and at some point probable [modal qualifier] mistake and wrongfully sentences an innocent man to death, that death is on each and every person who advocates the death penalty. The Death Penalty The Death Penalty: It is Never Justified A young man has been charged with the brutal murder of a seventeen year old girl after raping and mutilating her body. This crime was so heinous and unthinkable that the only punishment that seems to fit the crime is capital punishment; there is merely one problem†the man convicted is innocent. The public is so caught up in bringing Justice to the murdered girl that through capital punishment more injustice is brought into the world and the life of another innocent being is taken. There is no going back and undoing the mistake.There is no undoing in the matter of death. The accidental murder of an innocent person through the death penalty is Just one way in which the death penalty is a completely unethical, flawed, and unjustified form of punishment. Problems associated with the death penalty such as it being inhumane, discriminatory, and an unfair form of punishment, are reasons that capital punishment is never the answer to aggravated murder [claim]. The death penalty is extremely inhumane. Three common techniques used to perform the sentence include the electric chair, gas chambers, and lethal injection.Supporters of the death penalty argue that modern science has eliminated the factor of pain by lethal injection [rebuttal], but how can this truly be proved? The scientific journal the Nature Publishing Group [backing] reported that almost half the prisoners are still conscious although paralyzed during the lethal injection as the drug stops the heart. The NPG then goes on to state, â€Å"If suitably qualified individuals refuse to help prepare a new protocol, the state will face the prospect of continuing to use amateurs to kill people with arbitrary and outmoded technology' (â€Å"Amateur† 2) [evidence].Dying is a painful thing. The punishment of death is already extreme, but the fact that the prisoner is being put down with chemicals that aren't even provided by physicians or scientists is cruel and la cks any compassion. Andrew Stephen, the United States editor of the New Statesman magazine which reports on current affairs, [backing] also explained the inhumanity of the most humane form of capital punishment: lethal injection. Stephen explained how the potassium chloride used in the injection causes excruciating pain as it makes its way through the veins and into the heart to kill the person.Stephen follows this by stating, â€Å"The American Veterinary Medical Association even issued guidelines in 2002 saying that the mix was unacceptable for putting dogs and cats, let alone humans, to sleep† (Stephen 33) [evidence]. How can a democracy in the U. S. which stands for Justice possibly support this blatantly inhumane form of punishment that isn't even suitable for animals? There is no way to properly kill a human being, it is immoral and unjust not matter who it is done to, and therefore does not hold a place in the U. S. Jurisdiction.The death penalty can also be very arbit rary or random in the sense that there is ot a set standard for everyone who commits murder to be sentenced to death. It makes little sense how some prisoners who are convicted of terrible murders get the privilege of living while others who did not murder in cold blood do not get the opportunity for rehabilitation and redemption. The cause of such arbitrariness can be attributed to discrimination. David Bruck, who was a Harvard and University of South Carolina graduate, served as a lawyer detending those charged witn capita punishment [backing].Bruck illustrates how unfair capital punishment is in an essay he wrote for The New Republic magazine. Bruck explains how a man from Louisiana named Ernest Knighton killed a gas station owner while robbing the gas station. This is of course a terrible crime; however, the crime was not premeditated and pales in comparison to other gruesome murders, yet somehow Knighton was chosen to be executed. This may be explained by the fact that Knighton was black, the victim was white, the Jury at his hearing was entirely white, and he lacked sufficient defense.In other words, discrimination was a factor. Bruck explains this execution by stating, â€Å"Ernest Knighton was picked out to die the way a fisherman takes a cricket out of a ait Jar. No one cares which cricket gets impaled on the hook† (Bruck NPA) [evidence]. There were clearly more threatening murderers out there than Knighton, but Knighton was chosen to die. The chance that this kind of discrimination will continue is entirely possible [modal qualifier] and illustrates the faults in the system of capital punishment.However, in cases such as capital punishment where death is involved, there is no room for faults. Life is a precious gift not to be taken lightly. Money also seems to be a discriminatory factor in the death penalty, as rich eople are more likely to avoid the death penalty than are poor people who cannot afford proper defense. A rich murderer's life is no more valuable than the life of a poor murderer, yet the chance of survival for a poor man is much lower than that of a rich man. This harsh fact is unfair.Scott Phillips author for the Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology [backing] writes, â€Å"As Former Supreme Court Justice William Douglas, for example, noted: ‘One searches our chronicles in vain for the execution of any member of the affluent strata of this society† (Phillips 718) [evidence]. It is efinitely plausible [modal qualifier] that the people who have money are the ones who can afford the best defense and therefore avoid the death penalty. It hardly seems fair that the rich get to live over the poor not because of innocence, but because of the size of their wallets.Two wrongs do not make a right under the conditions of murder. The system of capital punishment is obviously defective as it discriminates and seemingly picks its victims at random, risking the possibility of killing even the innocent. Advoc ates of the death penalty argue that it is the only form of punishment that is orthy of murder [rebuttal]. This is an â€Å"eye for an eye† mentality. Edward Koch, the former mayor of New York [backing], supported this mentality by stating, â€Å".. it can be easily demonstrated that the death penalty strengthens the value of human life. If the penalty for rape were lowered, clearly it would signal a lessened regard for the victim's suffering.. .When we lower the penalty for murder, it signals a lessened regard for the value of the victim's life† (Koch NPA) [evidence]. Koch's statement is a fallacy of a false analogy and is therefore not plausible [modal qualifier]. No two rimes can really be compared to each other. Rape and murder are admittedly two very horrific offenses, but are in no way the same.We do not rape the criminals charged of rape to show them how it feels, nor should we kill the criminals charged of murder. Killing the prisoner makes us no better than th e prisoner himself. Instead of capital punishment, there should be harsher punishments in Jail for those convicted of murder, Just as those convicted of rape have harsher punishments than those convicted ot tnett. Another argument supporters of the death penalty like to utilize is that killing a uman being is okay because it is done by the state, which has more rights, rather than an individual [rebuttal].Koch makes the point when he writes, â€Å"The execution of a lawfully condemned killer is no more an act of murder than is legal imprisonment an act of kidnapping†¦ Rights and responsibilities surrendered by the individual are what give the state the power to govern† ( Koch NPA) [evidence]. This is once again a fallacy of a false analogy. Of course legal imprisonment is not kidnapping, because it is an agreed upon punishment by the people of a democracy for those who have roken the laws of society. On the contrary, capital punishment is not entirely agreed upon because this punishment is too harsh.Capital punishment is not necessary to govern its people; if the state must resort to the killing of individuals by the death penalty which has already been proven faulty, there are greater issues at hand. In the end, those who wish for capital punishment aren't really wishing for Justice, or to keep order. Justice and order can be achieved with without the killing of prisoners. It is rather unjust to inflict the death penalty, its only purpose to serve as a orm of bitter revenge that one can only hope will avenge the death of the lost person.However, it is not the place of the state to take revenge, but to bring Justice. Justice needs to be fair, humane, morally sound, and it needs to be reasonable. The death penalty in no way fits into any of those descriptions. This is a topic that should concern everyone. If the people of the United States allow for the death penalty, and the legal system makes a completely possible and at some point probable [modal qualifier] mistake and wrongfully sentences an innocent man to death, that death is on each and every person who advocates the death penalty. The Death Penalty The Death Penalty â€Å"If we fail to execute murderers, and doing so would in fact have deterred other murders, we have allowed the killing of a bunch of innocent victims. I would much rather risk the former. This, to me, is not a tough call. † (McAdams) The death penalty should be legalized in all fifty states, to avert from crime, keep repeat offenders off of the streets, and to reduce taxpayers the cost of keeping those found guilty of heinous crimes in prison low. The death penalty can in fact deter heinous crimes from being committed when it is lawful in a state. Social scientists have stated that the act of general deterrence, which is when the punishment deters potential criminals from committing crimes, keeps criminals from going through with crimes. However, it is more shown that premeditated crimes are usually the ones stopped by general deterrence, not crimes under passion. Heinous crimes have been reduced highly in the states that have a capital punishment law. The death penalty keeps repeat offenders off of the streets. In Michigan a case that represents this happened; â€Å"A man who was hired by Honeywell Inc. , after serving four years in prison for strangling a co-worker has been charged with killing another co-worker and a woman he allegedly stalked and threatened for weeks† (Sullum personal file). Had the death penalty been allowed in Michigan the woman’s life could have been sparred, for the male who murdered her would have been executed long before and never had the chance to murder her. The death penalty may be a long process, but it does not give those on death row a hope of parole. By having the heinous criminals in prisons on death row keeps them from repeating crimes. In five out of seven cases it is said that criminals will once again commit crimes once released from prison of jail. The death penalty keeps the criminals in jail and executes them. This protects the general public from murderous crimes from repeat offenders. The death penalty also keeps taxpayers costs low, because the prison looses members in which the state taxes would have to pay for. The citizens of the state pay for the prisoners, and my eliminating the criminals jailed for heinous crimes reduces cost by a high percent. The average cost per year per prison is about $1 billion. By enforcing the death penalty and making it lawful can reduce that cost by almost half. Half does not sound like much in such large terms, but in reality it is an immense amount of money that the taxpayers can be using somewhere else. Struggling families still have to pay for imprisoned criminals and the death penalty can in turn have more money in that home, because it would not be put towards the prison. There is another side to the death penalty, however. Most people believe the death penalty is immoral and unjust. Some say that the idea of â€Å"an eye for an eye† should not apply to the death penalty. Capital punishment is still an act of murder, which is punishable by law. This is a major argument of those against capital punishment. There are also religious views that keep many opposed of the death penalty. Christians view the death penalty as wrong because of the fact that killing a killer is still killing, which is a sin that breaks one of the Ten Commandments. The large population of Christians in the United States keeps the vote against capital punishment high, because this nation was built on that faith and it is also the highest religion in the nation. The death penalty keeps taxpayers cost low, keeps repeat offenders off of the street, and deters heinous crime, and therefore should be made lawful in all fifty states of the United States of America.

Maritime Traffic Lanes

Traffic is controlled in coastal waters and inland passages with marker buoys. Buoys in coastal areas are known as lateral markers and when found in traffic lanes they are known as channel markers. Both types of markers serve the same purpose. They guide a vessel through an area known to be safe for passage, and provide a traffic separation scheme similar to a road on land. These â€Å"Rules of the Road† are very similar to those you follow while driving an automobile on land, so we will use that as an example when talking about marine traffic. IALA A and IALA B If you are driving a car in an overseas country it is sometimes necessary to drive on the opposite side of the road than you usually do. This is the same for ships, but fortunately there are only two schemes IALA A and IALA B. IALA stands for International Association of Lighthouse Authorities. IALA A is used in Europe, some areas of Africa, most of Asia, plus Australia and New Zealand. IALA B is used in North America, South America, Japan, the Philippines, and Korea. Traffic Marker Buoys Marker buoys come in two colors, green and red. Red buoys mark one side of a traffic lane and green marks the other side. Think of the area in the middle as a road or highway. On land a road has painted stripes marking safe areas for travel; a solid line marks both sides of the road and is meant not to be crossed—think of the red and green buoys as these lines. A road has a line painted in the middle to divide traffic by direction; in a maritime environment the center divider is invisible. The separation line is exactly in the center of the marked course. IALA A Rules In Europe, Australia, New Zealand, plus parts of Africa and Asia, the IALA A rules are in force. This means that when traveling you should keep the green buoy on the right or starboard side of the vessel. The shape of the marker also gives you traffic information. A triangular or cone-shaped top indicates the marker should be kept on the starboard side of the vessel. IALA B Rules The IALA B traffic separation scheme is used in North and South America, Japan, the Philippines, and Korea. It is the opposite traffic flow of the IALA A scheme. This is like driving on the opposite side of the road while overseas. In this case, while traveling keep the red buoy on the right or starboard side of the vessel. The same triangular or cone-shaped top will be present on markers which should be kept on the starboard side of the vessel. Both traffic patterns have the same rules when it comes to marker shape. A triangular marker is always kept on the starboard side of the vessel no matter if it is red or green. Markers to the port side of the vessel will be square or flat-topped. Entering and Exiting Traffic Separation Schemes When entering a traffic separation area, proceed with caution and be alert. This is like a highway on-ramp for ships and smaller craft. At busy times many vessels will be trying to enter these lanes. Try to align your vessel in the direction of travel within the lane. Essentially extending the lane beyond the actual lane markers will help you smoothly transition from open waters to the traffic lane. The entrance to a traffic separation scheme is subject to rules of Right of Way. The Right of Way is one of the most important parts of the Rules of the Road and needs to be understood completely for safe operation. Sometimes automobile traffic in busy areas takes on a special set of rules that is different from standard operation, and is usually only understood by local drivers. The same thing is true on the water. Local vessels like water taxis or tender boats might not follow these traffic lanes, this is not necessarily breaking the rules because the vessels need to operate outside the lanes to do their job. Exiting a traffic scheme is similar to entering. If you are traveling out into open water it is best to extend your heading past the end of the final marker. If your vessel is large or slow moving, traffic behind your vessel might be eager to pass. Wait until traffic clears before changing your course because not all vessels will sound the proper horn signal when attempting to pass. Be careful, Right of Way is important, but avoiding collision is more important than being right. You may need to exit a traffic lane before reaching the end of the marked passage to reach your destination. Buoys are marked with numbers like street numbers. Red buoys always have an even number and green are marked with odd numbers. Maneuvering between marker buoys is acceptable as long as it can be done safely. Check for traffic outside the lane and for any orange and white buoys marking obstructions. If the way is clear you may proceed. If you must cross the oncoming lane of traffic, wait for an appropriate gap in traffic and turn a perpendicular course across the lane. Keep other vessels in mind when slowing down or turning out of a lane. Ships have limited maneuverability at low speeds and take a long time to stop. If you cannot turn across a lane without obstructing traffic, exit on the opposite side and wait for traffic to clear then proceed across both lanes to your destination. Traffic Lane Crossings Where two traffic lanes cross there is a special marker buoy. It is striped horizontally with red and green bands. This is similar to an intersection of a primary and secondary road. The top band designates the primary traffic route and the lower band designates the secondary route. Right of Way rules govern how traffic flows at these crossings—primary and secondary designations do not determine which vessel may cross first.

The Psychology of Video Games The Pros of Video Games

The Psychology of Video Games: The Pros of Playing Video Games What is a game? Video games have been accused of being overly violent and harmful to the overall health of children. However, video games have been proven to be beneficial through researched studies. Although many adults oppose video games, they have cognitive, educational, social, and other benefits. To better understand the benefits, the background and history of video games should be understood. Therefore what is a game? A game is an interaction that requires players to struggle towards a goal through conflict. Games are not about how violent they are, it is about the struggle they produce (Espejo 1). About 68% of households play computer or video games. The average age of†¦show more content†¦Also mental issues such as depression and stress can be relieved by playing video games (7 Health 1). Dr. Daphen Maurer from Ontarios McMaster University found that video games may also improve players vision. A fast pac ed game requires more attention and trains the eyes to view more sharply. The University of Washington also made a game titled Snow World, in which players throw snowballs at targets. The patients that played the game showed they used less pain medication then those who did not play the games (2). Also games such as Angry Birds, can help improve ones mood, help relaxation, and ward off anxiety (Video Games 1). However, video games do not just have health benefits; they can also have cognitive benefits. Cognitive is the process of knowing, perceiving, remembering, or pertaining to the mental processes of perception, memory, judgment, and reasoning. As a result of this, video games can help with problem solving and logical skills (The Pros 1). ...such play actually may strengthen a range of cognitive skills such as spatial navigation, reasoning, memory, and perception... (Video Games 1). In the year 2008, the University of Washington held a three week competition with a video game cal led Foldit, a game where players model the make-up of proteins. After the three weeks, the top-scoring players could identify a structure for a monkey virus related to AIDS. TheShow MoreRelatedVideo Games : Can It Cause Violence?1379 Words   |  6 PagesVictor Chau Professor Myers ENGL-1301 Video Games: Can it cause violence? Any action against violent video games should be met with more research and that any banning of violent video games should come under more significant scrutiny. For sometime, many people consider violent video games to be the cause of violent behavior in the younger generations. However there are also people who would refute such claims that violent video games are the causes of tragedies, and would point to another reasonRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Video Games794 Words   |  4 Pagesimproved, video games have been enhanced together with the latest technology. Now, video games have become one of the most iconic hobbies and free time activities for teen agers from simple smartphone games to high-graphic console or pc games. However, some people tend to claim that video games are harmful to teenagers and cause them behave violent and aggressive. Also, some opinionated radicals state that video games are related to youth violence. While some people think that video games have negativeRead MoreVideo Games And Health Effect On The Human Mind And Body1641 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Games and Health Introduction Due to the evolution of video gaming in today’s technological culture, many people, specifically the media and parents have questioned the positive impact of video gaming. People believed that gaming will only encourage addiction, lead to social isolation and result in physical and psychological complications such as obesity and developing a violent and aggressive behaviour. These difficulties could be a gateway to more serious problems such as suicide and deathRead MoreIs The Argument Of Academic Work Can Be Channeled Through Personal Interests?1199 Words   |  5 Pagesremarkable piece of literature talking about the pros and cons of her favorite show Family Guy. I really enjoyed how Peacocke used examples from very comical moments in Family Guy like the Business instructional video in the 1950s that had some sexism on how to treat women in the workplace. She showed the negative impacts of the show like the protests of parents, but it was brought back two times after fans pressured Fox into reopening the show. Video games are an interest of mine, which can be intellectualRead MoreVideo Games Effect On Acts Of Crime And Violence1086 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 1 Scholars 3 Dec. 2015 â€Å"Are video games linked to acts of crime and violence?† Video games software and hardware are among one of the most used consumed electronic devices. My father would tell me how he and his friends used to play arcade games such as Pac-Man, Space Invaders, and Galaxian in his hometown in Guatemala. I remember I would watch him playing Super Mario 64 on our Nintendo 64 when I was a toddler. Several of my peers grew up playing video games on Nintendo, Sony, and MicrosoftRead MoreTechnology Is Destroying Empathy And Draws People s Attention Away From Reality1115 Words   |  5 Pagesthe family dinner table, it is not representative of the moments where technology can improve empathy. Video games have been used to influence the way people behave; that includes empathetic behavior. To facilitate the growth of empathy between individuals through prosocial behaviors and indirectly improve empathetic behaviors in society, I propose the creation of the massive multiplayer online game (MMO) T.E.A.M. Crisis: Homefront. Like the title implies, teamw ork is a critical component of the gameplayRead MoreEffects of Video Games on Teenage Life1442 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Video games are part of the lives of almost all teens in America, (Lenhart, Kahne, Middaugh, Macgill, Evans and Vitak). Therefore, it is important to understand what, if any, effects video games are having on teenage life. Because many video games contain violent content, imagery, and gameplay, much research on video games has focused on whether playing violent video games leads to violent or aggressive behavior in youth. There is a lot of conflicting evidence about the relationship between videoRead MoreViolent Video Game Effects On Aggression3491 Words   |  14 Pages Violent Video Game Effects on Aggression Delaney Granger William Jewell College Author Note Delaney Granger, William Jewell College This research was completed to fulfill requirements for a Psychology Capstone course instructed by Dr. Ray Owens. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Delaney Granger, Psychology Department, William Jewell College, Liberty, MO 64068. E-mail: grangerde@william.jewell.edu â€Æ' Abstract The effect of violent video games has constantly beenRead MoreEffects of Media on Children Essay1278 Words   |  6 Pagesawareness, and making them pro-social. However, others criticize the effect of media on children by saying that it promotes aggression, fear, and spreads stereotypical images. Arguments To begin with, media has many positive effects. For instance, media contribute effective teaching tools to children. Some educators believe that children are able to grasp information and learn from television programs because of their visual nature. Moreover, educational video games, such as brain ace and flashRead MoreVideo Games And Its Effect On Society1739 Words   |  7 PagesVideo games are revolutionary in this age and they are improving more and more. There are lots of kind of games, some of them have adventures on it and others can make you scared. Companies are the ones that produces these games in a great number. Nowadays most of them have tons of people working on a game to make sure that they produce an incredible product so kids can enjoy a good experience. You may think that only kids buy this things, but a surprising number of adults buy video games and this

Is It A Human Incubator For Viruses - 968 Words

When I was a child, my mother said, â€Å"If you don’t cry during your vaccinations, then I will give you a toy paper doll.† Thus, I did not cry at all when I got my shots done. I got what I wanted in addition to not becoming a human incubator for viruses when I got to school. These vaccinations were a requirement before a child could go to school to prevent any spread of illness. Practices like this and many other things in health gives the world less of a chance for a worldwide epidemic with equal or more severity of the Black Death to happen. The available access to medical assistance and hygiene, advancement in medicine, and all the information help with preventing that from occurring. The world in the 1300s did not have these type of luxuries like the 21st century had to offer. This made the spread of viruses easier. Starting with the Middle Ages, access to medical help was limited. The clergy and some of the wealthy were only ones permitted to practice medicine at the time. As a result, most hospitals became extensions to monasteries that were located in cities. If people from the countryside needed medical help, they would have to travel to the city or receive no help at all. Sadly, access to personal hygiene during this time was not any easier. â€Å"†¦the generally low level of personal hygiene especially when compared to modern standards, can be attributed more to the limited facilities available for washing and the attendant inconvenience of using them†(Newman). ForShow MoreRelated Cloning - It’s Time for Organ Farms Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesto have their lives saved by human organ transplantation.1   As a result of this shortage, there has been a tremendous demand for research in alternative methods of organ transplantation.   Private companies are racing to develop these technologies with an estimated market of six billion dollars.2   Xenotransplantation, or cross-species organ transplantation, appears to be the most likely solution in the near future, and cloned pigs are the main candidates.   Pigs and humans have remarkable similaritiesRead MoreThree hundred and sixty feces samples were collected from children and infants who have diarrhea1100 Words   |  5 Pagestype III were 9,3and 10 in respectively and all viruses were sabin type only (There is no wild types of poliovirus were isolated). 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By knowing the proteins exact structure and functionsRead MoreAvian Influenz An Agricultural Pers pective1499 Words   |  6 Pagesimpacts a variety of people, places, and animals in the world. The articles reviewed discuss the different cases where avian influenza outbreak has impacted a major area and how they are ridding the virus. The articles vary from how the virus affects humans, to how it affects other animals, and the precautions used by different areas if the virus encounters. Conducted Research In the article â€Å"Avian Influenza: An Agricultural Perspective,† Andrea Morgan (2006) researched the impact avian influenza hasRead MoreHow Do Food Preservatives3402 Words   |  14 Pagesgrowth of Microorganisms? Aya Zbedah Ballard High School The purpose of this project is to see which preservative will either slow down the growth of bacteria or speed up the growth using the three most common preservatives: sugar, salt and, vinegar. 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History free essay sample

The ass had a very distinct personality to Its pop culture phenomena. It was In the ass that we saw the first mass explosion of hysteria for new toys, with the 1983 winter shortage of Cabbage Patch Dolls. One of the biggest pop culture crazes of Its times, the Individually named and crafted Cabbage Patch Dolls Join the ranks of the dolls of each decade, reflecting the eternal power of the doll.Trivial Pursuit, a response to a few decades of mass information and the development of world wide pop culture, also appeared in 1983 and remains today as n after dinner favorite to show off all that Jeopardy worthy information you keep locked away. Flash forward a few years, and the electronic toy age kicks Into gear with the introduction of hundreds of new toys that could talk. Move about and Imitate favorite cartoon characters.The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles hit It big at the end of the decade, unleashing a blitzkrieg of marketing on the nation, and other ass favorites followed with shows like Transformers or He-Man. Continuity of ideas: This is especially important as you write the middle part of your assignment.Ensure continuity of ideas both between paragraphs and within a paragraph so that he reader is able to follow your train bethought/ argument easily. As a general rule, discuss each main point of your assignment in a different paragraph. Critical thinking: At the Masters level, demonstration of critical thinking is very important and marks are given for this. Referencing: your assignment is very important as we have already discussed. Remember to choose either Harvard or Vancouver versions of referencing and to use the same version while citing within the text and in the bibliography. Reference all citations in their correct format including web- pages and reports. A great tutorial about citing the work of others and referencing is from the University of Nottingham Refreshingly work with Harvard, and also please look at the attachment below Harvard referencing which is information on how to use references as supplied by Manchester Metropolitan University. Use Of l and you: Academic writing is impersonal so avoid using l or you in your assignment.Try and build your arguments by including evidence and opinions from different sources and different perspectives so that you present a clear, unbiased picture. If you want to include your opinion, then do o indirectly. For egg: Include your opinion by saying In my opinion, implementing such an intervention is difficult because.. .. instead of l think implementing an intervention is difficult because Bullets and numbering: Paragraphs are preferred to bullets and numbering in academic writing and this will allow you to discuss each point further. SE of examples: It is vital that your assignments reflect that you have a clear understanding of a particular topic which has been gained from multiple sources and that you are able to identify weaknesses and strengths objectively. Finally you must show that you are able to apply this knowledge practically. Including examples in your assignment is a useful way to demonstrate all of the above. Where possible, explain the inferences that can be drawn from included statistics/ figures/ tables and the relevance of these.Word Count: Ensure that the word count of your assignments are not far below or far above the suggested word count and as mentioned earlier, drawing up an outline can help you avoid both these situations. Inclusion of tables and figures: Tables and figures can very effectively convey information to the reader without affecting your word count but do not include more than 2 of these. Also, clearly signpost the reader to each table/ figure from the appropriate part of the main assignment. Include clear headings for each table/ figure and clearly mention the source both with the figure/table and in the bibliography. Conclusion: This is your final chance to impress the reader so make it powerful. Most conclusions include three main parts I) stating the aim/ context of the assignment again ii) followed by a very brief summary of the main points iii) final comments often considering the future (for egg: what can be done to improve the implementation of an intervention in the future) Egg: This is an example showing how the points mentioned above were incorporated in the conclusion of a student assignment discussing strategic partnership within UNAIDED.Context: UNAIDED is a unique collaboration in terms of the goals it aims to accomplish and its structure. It benefits from organizational diversity and varied specializations among the partners. However this diversity can also be a hindrance while coordinating activities. Main points: Duplication of efforts, lack of harmonistic of procedures, lack of effective evaluations among partners and inter-organizational competition for funding from donors have often adversely affected the collaborative effort.Building a well-coordinated and efficient collaboration between partner organizations of UNAIDED is an iterative and on-going process. Efforts are being made to develop results-based structures, to pool funding from donors to encourage collaboration and to align efforts of all partners to improve efficiency. Final comments: By sharing their skills, resources, respective and knowledge, the partners will be able to develop integrated programmed, deal with obstacles related to the management of HIVE/AIDS more effectively and strengthen their relationship with those outside the partnership.Attachment Dissertations A dissertation can seem like an impossible hurdle in your final year but starting early with a calm approach can make it run that little bit smoother and give you something to show employers. How should I choose a topic? Knowing what to write about and then having enough to write 12,000 words about it can be extremely difficult. But starting early enough will give you time to come up with several ideas and throw them around before settling on one.Heres some things to consider when making that all important ch oice. Make it interesting Youre going to be spending a lot of time writing about it so its probably a good idea that you actually like the topic, because if you get bored with it what hope has anyone else got of reading it? Not only the topic you choose but the scale of it will affect how interesting it is. You have a set word limit to meet but make sure you keep this proportionate as if you start baffling in your argument people will lose track of your point.Talk about it Once you have chosen a topic you will usually have an appointment with your dissertation tutor who will talk through your ideas and will act as a sounding board. It is also worth talking to others on the course as they will also be developing their dissertations. Bouncing ideas off each other may help you see something tattoo might have missed. Remember that its good to talk and two heads are better than one (and all other manner Of clicks). Plan Set outdoor research objectives and then look at ways to meet them ; n other words work out what you want to find out and then how you will do it.

Parallels between the Revolutions of 1848 and Arab Revolutions

There are many similarities between the revolutions of 1848 and the Arab revolutions. One of the most significant parallel is that the revolutions end up with the existing governments being overthrown by local people. Some of the causes, ideals and the demands of the civilians who began the revolutions are significantly identical.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parallels between the Revolutions of 1848 and Arab Revolutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An analysis of the two revolutions shows parallels which are characterized by different contexts of the causes and impact on the existing political structures. Every revolution had a different kind of drama which unfolded in a different kind of fashion (Price 151). Moreover, every revolution had its own crises, heroes and heroines and therefore they deserve to be narrated differently. Some of the causes of the 1848 revolutions included the middle class liberals who demanded for equal human rights. Secondly, many people were not content with the existing economical tides across. Additionally, there was a growing sense of nationalism with people hoping to unite and rule themselves. The aforementioned causes are the main significance factors that led to the increased revolutions of 1848. The revolutions wave was to create a sense of socialism within regimes which were dictatorial. Although the revolutions began in France, they spread too many countries with an aim to fulfill the social discontent. At the end, the revolutions helped to change the poor governance of many countries across Europe (Dowe 123). The bad economical tides characterized by massive Economic crises were the major cause of the revolutions. The great economic depression which affected many countries in Europe created a sense of discontentment with the current regimes. Many people though that the local governments were corrupt and did not provide the right leadership to enh ance growth of the economies. Poor governance of the monarchies did not provide change in the economical structures and this created tension to the people. Thus most of the 1848 revolutions were started by rebellions against the existing governments. Arguably, the shortages in food, economic depression and bad governance were the main critical factors behind most of the revolutions (Dowe 126). Most of the rebellions demanded for liberal and democratic systems which would help to enhance socialism within many states. There were growing oppositions of the existing monarchies from many critics. These developed ideals in the civilians who then formed rebellions to fight against the existing regimes.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, there was also a growing nationalism sense which led people to formation of rebels. Many people thought that the revolutions would help to unite peo ple. For instance, the French and the Italian revolutions were caused by the nationalism sense in many civilians. The people thought that overthrowing the existing structures would help to unite the people (LeVine 78). Ideas also were a major contributor to the revolutions of 1948. For instance, France gave other nations across Europe to rebel against poor governance and improve their welfare. Some of the ideas such as democracy would help to improve the liberalism across many nations in Europe. In addition, many critics thought that democracy would help to unite people of different backgrounds irrespective of their diversities. These ideas were created by different countries but spread rapidly. Many people accepted them because there was a view of universal unification of different people. Nationalistic ideas were also believed to enhance socialism between people irrespective of their skin color, origin or cultural diversity. Political ideas were spread by the critics of the govern ments and they led to the creation of the revolutions (LeVine 84). The existing social and political conditions of many states across Europe led to the development of the revolutionary situations. The social revolutions characterized by demands to unify the people and also adopt the nationalistic views created a platform for people to unite and form rebellions. The conflicts of interest created by the different political ideas also created a situation where the people could spring up rebellions leading to revolutions. In particular, bad governance played a major role in formation of rebellious situation which would later lead into the 1848 revolutions. For instance, many people across Europe were fed up with poor systems of governance and the poor politics and wanted to change their situation. The only option left for them was a revolution to provide an equivocal solution to their demands (Price 154). According to the Marxist view, a revolution is created by a revolutionary situatio n. In general view, the argument is that the 1848 revolutions were not created but began earlier than they actually occurred. This is true because many people were discontent with bad systems of governance and the poor economical situations were affecting their existence. The existing forms of governance did not provide a solution to their problems but instead they increased the demands of the people. It is thus argued that the 1848 revolutions were caused by a combination of political crisis, social crisis and economical crisis in Europe. Although there were many other factors leading to the start of the revolutions, these just acted as catalysts to the existing situations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parallels between the Revolutions of 1848 and Arab Revolutions specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The revolutions being experienced within the Arab world as at present have been brought about various issues whic h are similar to those which caused the 1789 French revolution (Guerin 158). The revolutions taking place within the Arab countries are mostly as a result of economic rights, the abuse of the rights of the workers along with the absence of political equality. Moreover, socio-economic changes within the Arab communities are being instigated by industrialization, as well as, technological advancement. In addition, elementary economic changes, which are characterized by wealth consolidation, have led to massive unemployment which has in turn aggravated the rising of the Arab revolutions. The Arab revolutions which are characterized by riots along with protests are also being ignited by the neo-liberal reforms impact, as well as, escalating food prices. The scarcity of employment opportunities has angered the citizens thereby making them opt for staging protests against their governments (Filiu 82). Besides, most of the Arab world’s governing authorities have being accused of div erse corrupt practices and the citizens believe that mass action is the only way to successfully topple such governments. Basically, the citizens of the Arab countries believe that their governments are subjecting them to cruelty, as well as injustice which must be brought to an end. For decades, residents of the Arab countries had bore the brunt of various kinds of injustices. Individuals attempting to fight for civil rights were captured, imprisoned, shot and in other occasions hanged (Guerin 156). The Arab world citizens could not bear that any more and thus they initiated the revolutions with the aim of doing way with the dictatorial administrations. The revolutions within the Arab countries were organized in demand of various issues in respect to the specific country. However, the items being demanded for by the revolutions culminated in the bringing into an end oppressive leadership. Putting into consideration an Arab country such as Egypt, protests were staged in demand of va rious issues. For the case of Egypt, there were the demands which had to be responded upon immediately and those which could be resolved in the course of the transitional period. The demands which called for an immediate response included the leaving of office of the then president, that is, President Hosni Mubarak (Eman  ¶1). The protestors also pushed for the withdrawal of the Emergency Law.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, they demanded for the State Security Investigation abolition. These protestors also insisted on the withdrawal of Mr. Omar Soliman from the presidential race within the next general elections. Besides, there was the demand for the dissolution of the Shura council along with the People’s Assembly. All the citizens who had being detained from the 25th of January, 2011, also had to be set free. Moreover, the curfew which had being imposed within the country had to be brought to an end so as to allow the return to normal life. The demonstrators were also pushing for the withdrawal of the guards positioned within universities (Eman  ¶1). There was also the call to have proper investigations undertaken to find out the individuals responsible for the violence attack on the January 25th peaceful demonstrators, along with the succeeding January 28th bullying. The demonstrators had also demanded for the compensation of the shopkeepers as a result of the losses incurred i n the course of the curfew period. Moreover, the demonstrators demanded that the aforementioned demands had to be broadcasted via the television along with radio. On the other hand, within the Egyptian revolution, there were the demands which had to be met within the transitional period. As a matter of priority, a novel constitution had to be drafted. Additionally, the publication of newspapers, along with setting up of radio and Television stations had to be allowed to take place without any prior authorization (Eman  ¶1). Moreover, there was to be introduced the right to establish political parties upon issuing the relevant notice. In the same perspective, the right to form trade unions along with associations had to be introduced upon the issuance of notice. The security controls imposed on the internet, as well as, other communications had to be brought to an end (Eman  ¶2). Taking a look at these demands and those within the other countries such as Tunisia, one will not fai l to notice a good number of similarities. Basically, the renowned revolutions taking place within the Arab countries, most of which have turned out as successful, have brought to an end two torpid paradigms. They have broken the Arab dictatorial ruler’s notion that radical Islam is the only best alternative to their dictatorial rule (Filiu 107). In addition, the fear psychosis which had being hammered into the nations’ collective consciousness was shattered by the revolutions. Definitely, the Arab regimes cannot hide behind the failed policies, nationalist excuses or even sectarian any more. However, the democratic pluralism battle along with the fight for universal rights within the Arab countries will only be won if the revolutions align themselves in such a manner that they involve all the Arab society’s segments. The reformist path can sometimes turn out as uneven, bloody, or even uncertain; but it is impossible to reverse it. Works Cited Dowe, Dieter. Euro pe in 1848: Revolution and Reform. New York: Berghahn Books, 2000. Print. Eman, Hashim. Just Raise Your Head Up High. Feb. 2011. Web. http://justurhead.blogspot.com/2011/02/demands-of-egyptian-revolution-at.html. Filiu, Jean-Pierre. The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Guerin, Daniel. No Gods, No Masters. Oakland, Calif: AK Press, 2005. Print. LeVine, Mark. Why They Don’t Hate Us: Lifting the Veil on the Axis of Evil. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005. Print. Price, Roger. 1848 in France. London, UK: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Print. This essay on Parallels between the Revolutions of 1848 and Arab Revolutions was written and submitted by user Kiera Gates to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.