Challenges and Techniques of the Oil Industry

Challenges and Techniques of the Oil IndustryThe Oil SandEnergy availability and scotch progress go hand in hand. It is not possible to strike stinting progress in the absence of cheap, reliable heartiness availability. The procedure of energy on the part of society has add-ond systematically all over the past dickens centuries, since the time of the industrial revolution. And there is no obliterate in sight to the increase in the consumption of energy. This will stop because as global population continues to increase and especially in several(prenominal) of the emerging countries alike China and India, the consumption of energy is bound to increase exponentially.In the past fifty years, global energy consumption has change magnitude monotonously and how is this charter satisfied? This requirement is being meet primarily with crude embrocate. Crude anoint has been the Brobdingnagianst energy component since 1960 and grew very cursorily in the 1970s and ever since, has grown less rapidly. Though crude colour has been losing ground only if nevertheless, it form the most important source of energy, support being coal, according to the Energy Information Administration (EIA). Oil is a fossil fuel and the world is around 80 to 85% certified on fossil fuels for our energy supply. This is a challenge because when fossil fuels be burnt, they emit CO2 in the atmosphere and since CO2 is a babys room gas, it contributes to global warmingOil is a merge of hydrocarbons that ar gas under atmospheric conditions. The fact that they ar liquid allows for easier makeing, transportation, storage, and has a higher(prenominal) content of energy per volume. These be the greatest advantages that cover has over some other energy resources. However, there be scenarios where the anoint colour is not trapped in a cap rocks and forces it way out to the surface, or very near to the surface of the ground, at which point, the lighter molecules evaporate int o the atmosphere and what is left ar heavier molecules, which be normally called extra knockout oil or bitumen. This is know as Oil spines or sea dog grit and it is make up of a mixture of sand, water supply, clay, and bitumen1. Oil litoral or Tar sand are found in respective(a) countries through with(predicate)out the world, but the vast quantities of oil sand reserves are found in Canada and Venezuela, according to EIA. Alberta, Canada, is estimated to have about 1.7 to 2.5 trillion drums of oil sand reserve, thus, representing the largest single reserve of oil in the world.2 Accordingly, Canada produced about 3.8 gazillion barrel per day of crude oil, in 2014 alone. Of this, 2.2 million barrel per day was produced from the oil sands.3 astir(predicate) 10% of the worlds oil reserves are located in the Alberta oil sands and about 96 percent of Canadas total oil reserves are contained in the oil sands.4 Moreover, Canada is said to be the leash supplier of crude oil and refined oil products to the United States and the course of instruction continues to grow in terms of percentage of US oil imports. About 60 percent of Canadas production capacity from oil sand, about 1.34 million barrels per day is exported to the US.5Energy as found in temper needs to tapd, forgeed, refined and transported before it is available for end use. Unlike oil produced by conventional oil drilling which is generally less unintelligible than water, extracting oil from oil sands is more complex. There are deuce methods for getting bitumen out of the ground and turning it into usable products in-situ and bold pit mine. The extraction method used will depend on how deep the oil sand situates are below the surface. Both methods are complex, energy- intensifier and expensive processes.In-situ (in place)In-situ extraction process is used to mine bitumen that lies deep below the surface of the ground (greater than 75 meters underground). According to studies, about 80% of oil sands reserves in Canada are amicable via in-situ techniques.6 The in-situ method normally uses a process called move Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD). This method requires the drilling of two plane wells one is used for injecting steam into the oil sand deposit to heat the oil sand making the bitumen to become more facile and easy to flow more easily. The second well is used to meat out the flowing bitumen to the surface.7Open-Pit MiningLike the conventional oil mining Open-pit mining is used when mining oil sand reserves that are closer to the surface of the ground (less than 75 meters below the ground). According to constancy report, 20% of oil sand reserves in Canada are extracted victimization this mining technique.8 With this method, trees and top layer of soil are cleared, large shovels are used to scoop the oil sand, which is mix of sand, water and bitumen into large trucks and whence moved it to onsite bear on facility, where hot water is added to this mixtur e of sand, clay, bitumen, in a large separation vessel. Bitumen froth is forced to rise to the surface, during the separation process and then removed and diluted with chemicals.9 Normally, the spent sand and other materials that are regain during this process is then returned to the mines to fill in empty stead that has been mined as a way of reclamationUpgradingOnce the Bitumen is recovered from either through open-pit or from in-situ operation, the viscous substance is then processed in order to make it easier to transport through pipelines to various refinery, where it is to be used as feedstock. This process is called upgrade. The purpose of upgrading is to transform bitumen into synthetical crude oil, a high quality, light sweet crude oil, by removing carbon and adding hydrogen and chemical to bitumen.10 Typically the upgrading process comes in two phases namely primary and secondary upgrading. The primary upgrading involves breaking down the heavy molecules of bitumen int o lighter and less viscous molecules. The secondary upgrading is used to further repair and purify the bitumen attained from primary phase. This phase involves removing other impurities such(prenominal) as nitrogen, Sulphur, and trace metals and get it ready for oil refineries.11RefiningThe bitumen is final examly delivered to through pipelines the refinery through pipelines. The SCO product is then sent to a downstream refinery for transmutation into final product.12 Here the oil is processed and converted into final products like gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, plastics, asphalt and other consumer and industrial products.Environmental ChallengesThe mining and processing of oil sands present a variety of environmental preserves, such as global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, disturbance of agriculture structure, and air and water quality. It also may have significant sociable and economic impactson local communities. Another major concern is related to the large amount of w ater call for for oil sands suppuration -extraction, upgrading and refining. It is estimated that the process requires an average of three barrels of water for one barrel of oil produced,13 though some of the water are be recycled. The major environmental challenges to oil sand extraction among others are land, water, airLand nurture of oil sand crate concern about the accumulation of large amounts of residual waste cognise as tailings. Tailing, which contain a mix of water, clay, un-recovered bitumen, and dissolved chemicals, including some organic compounds are considered to be extremely oto ototoxic and very hazardous to the environment. Moreover, the tailings are stored in large ponds and causes seepage into the surround beautify, though the water released from the ponds can be recycled and reused, however, most still remains as mud almost indefinitely. The massive activities associated with oil sand ensure are also know to create tremendous structural disturbances of the landscape including seismic exploration and construction of wells, roads pipelines etc. negatively impact the environment and endangers the wildlife.WaterSince oil sand is made up of a mixture of sand, water, clay and bitumen, a hot water process is required to separates the bitumen from the associated sand, water, clay and minerals. The process takes enormous amount of water of fresh water to produce a barrel of bitumen from mined oil sands. In many an(prenominal) cases, the water is sourced from ground water aquifers. Rapid expansion of oil sands projects are causing great strains on fresh water resources, which leads to ecological and environmental problems.14 Also, since bitumen is denser than water, it can be harder to clean up when there is a spill. Additionally, oil sands mining operations produce huge amounts of toxic waste, known as tailings, which consist of water, sand, silt, clay, hydrocarbons and contaminants. The contaminates may contain various levels of naphthenic acids, polycyclic reminiscent hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, ammonia and mercury etc., some of which, according to International mode for Research on Cancer and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, are known to be cancer-causing agent.15 Even worst, the tailings are mostly stored in ponds or celluloid dams, thus causing the tailing to leak into ground water and surround water resources. It is estimated that about four billion liters of tailings leak each year, thereby triggering immense environment devastation.16AirExtracting Oil sands require a substantial amount of energy in processing to process, upgrading and refining bitumen to the final products suitable for market. The entire development process is so energy intensive that it contributes immensely in carbon emissions. Reports suggest that the oil sand application is among the highest contributors of national air emissions in Canada.Oil is produced to be consumed, more than half(prenominal) of the oil consumed in the world is for transportation fueling societys unquenchable demand for mobility. More than 50 percent of oil produced is used for transportation needs.17. As the worlds population grows, so will the global passenger mobility, global burden and transportation volumes. Additionally, the current global rise in urbanization, the global economic growth, as well as high level of economic development are other important factors prompting the increase in demand for oil. As fossil fuel, final oil products are burnt for energy through the various applications for which they are used. When burnt, they emit high amounts of harmful emissions, including nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and particles that drift into the atmosphere and contribute to air pollution. Carbon dioxide and water vapor, along with other gases such as ozone and nitrous oxide, are known greenhouse gases and the increasing amounts of these greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are conjugate to global warming and could have disastrous environmental consequences.18 However, since the business of producing oil from oil sand is base generally on oil price, chances are that there will be some slowdown in sand oil operations around the world, as oil prices decline. Due to the new downward trend of oil prices, the economic viability and financial attractiveness of oil sands projects have also declined. Financial analysts including those from Goldman Sachs and Total have conclude that oil sands projects require long-term prices in excess of $80/barrel to break even19. Deutsche Bank and BP, among others, have raised doubts about the early of investing in oil sand and Shell Oil has importantly scaled back its oil sands plans20. If these phenomena should continue, it might be the superior way in reducing and mitigating the environmental degradation being caused by oil sand.1 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil2 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy3 lbid4 www.oilsandsmagazine.com /technical/oilsands-1015 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax sandpaper impact How Dirty and Expensive Oil from Canada Threatens Americas fresh Energy economy (May 2010)6 http//www.suncor.com/about-us/oil-sands7 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil8 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy9 http//www.canadasoilsands.ca/en/what-are-the-oil-sands/recovering-the-oil10 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy11 lbid12 http//www.oilsandsmagazine.com/technical/oilsands-10113 http//www.nrcan.gc.ca/energy14 lbid15 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax Sands Invasion How Dirty and Expensive Oil from Canada Threatens Americas New Energy Economy (May 2010)16 lbid17 https//www.iea.org18 Kenny Bruno, Bruce Baizel, Susan Casey-Lefkowitz, Elizabeth Shope, and Kate Colarulli, Tax Sands Invasion How Dirty and Expensive Oil from Canada Threatens Americas New Energy Economy (May 2 010)19 lbid20 lbid